KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Introduction ................. 1
 The problem of poor electrical service ................. 1
 The purpose and organization of this book ................. 4
 Guide to the case studies presented in chapter 2 ................. 4
 Notes ................. 5
 References ................. 7

CHAPTER 1 Mini Grids in Undergrid Areas in Developing Countries ................. 9
 What is a mini grid? ................. 9
 Serving underserved areas ................. 10
 What is an interconnected mini grid? ................. 12
 Mini grid sales to, and purchases of electricity from, the Disco ................. 13
 The regulatory framework for interconnected mini grids ................. 14
 What is an isolated or non-interconnected mini grid? ................. 14
 The need for win-win-win business models ................. 16
 Two possible criticisms of the scope of this book ................. 16
 Notes ................. 18
 References ................. 19

CHAPTER 2 Case Studies from Nigeria and India ................. 21
 Government and private sector approaches to promoting mini grids ................. 21
 Target markets for private interconnected mini grids in undergrid areas ................. 22
 Long-term power purchase agreements versus noncontractual sales ................. 23
 Overview of the case studies ................. 23
 Case 1: The Mokoloki mini grid project (Nigeria) ................. 26
 Case 2: The Toto interconnected mini grid (Nigeria) ................. 32
 Case 3: The Wuse market interconnected mini grid project (Nigeria) ................. 39
 Case 4: Tata Power’s Renewable Microgrids initiative (India) ................. 45
 Case 5: Husk Power Systems’ projects (India, Nigeria, and Tanzania) ................. 59
 Notes ................. 68
 References ................. 70

CHAPTER 3 Regulatory Issues for Undergrid Mini Grids ................. 73
 Regulation: What is it? ................. 73
 Key possible regulatory decisions for undergrid mini grids ................. 74
 Licensing ................. 75
 Licenses versus concessions ................. 76
 Retail tariffs ................. 78
 Alternatives to individualized cost-of-service reviews ................. 80
 Approving portfolios of projects ................. 84
 Two other regulatory issues for undergrid mini grids ................. 85
 Regulation by contract: Tripartite agreements in three countries ................. 89
 Will the government honor its mini grid regulatory commitments? ................. 91
 Notes ................. 92
 References ................. 94

CHAPTER 4 Ensuring Win-Win-Win Outcomes ................. 97
 Benefits for retail customers ................. 97
 Benefits for Discos ................. 99
 Benefits for mini grids ................. 103
 Summary of potential benefits ................. 109
 Notes ................. 110
 References ................. 110

CHAPTER 5 Technical Design of Mini Grids That Interconnect with the Grid ................. 111
 Design considerations for interconnection ................. 111
 Design considerations for reliability and resilience ................. 119
 Notes ................. 123
 References ................. 124

CHAPTER 6 What We Have Learned ................. 127
 What we know about all mini grids ................. 127
 What we know about undergrid mini grids in particular ................. 135
 Notes ................. 139
 References ................. 139

CHAPTER 7 Recommendations for Mini Grid Policies and Programs ................. 141
 Introduction ................. 141
 Recommendations for undergrid mini grids ................. 141
 Recommendations for all mini grids ................. 144
 Notes ................. 150
 References ................. 150

Appendix A Government Approaches to Promoting Solar Hybrid Mini Grids ................. 151

Appendix B Comparison of Distribution Company Business Models in Nigeria and Uganda ................. 163

Appendix C Nigeria’s Interconnected Mini-grid Acceleration Scheme ................. 173

Appendix D Definitions of Mini Grids ................. 177

Appendix E Differences between Mini Grids in Developing and OECD Countries ................. 179

Appendix F Grants and Concessional Financing for Mini Grids in Nigeria ................. 183

Appendix G The Levelized Cost of Energy Storage in a Mini Grid ................. 193

Appendix H Tools for Mitigating Regulatory Risk ................. 197

Appendix I Cost-Sensitivity Analysis for Interconnected Mini Grids ................. 203

Appendix J Assumptions Underlying Cost Calculations in the Interconnected Mini-Grid Acceleration Scheme ................. 215

Appendix K Boosting Mini Grid Revenues ................. 219

Bibliography ................. 225