KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Chapter 3 Assessing energy needs of health-care facilities
– technical guidance and tools 45
3.1 Examples of key energy needs for health-care facilities 46
3.2  Factors influencing energy needs 48
3.2.1 Type of health-care facility 48
3.2.2 Load considerations 50
3.2.3 Typical operational hours 50
3.3 Health-energy needs assessment 51
3.3.1 Outcomes of the health-energy needs assessment 51
3.3.2 Toolkits for health-energy assessments 53
3.3.3 Skills and expertise 53
3.3.4 Challenges for health-energy needs assessments 53
3.4 Power requirements in health-care facilities 55
3.5 Thermal energy needs 58
3.5.1 Space heating, ventilation and air conditioning 58
3.5.2 Cooking and water heating 59
3.5.3 Sterilization and medical waste handling 60
3.6 Technical standards 62
3.7  Energy efficiency and suitability of medical devices for harsh conditions 63
Chapter 4 Techno-economic considerations for electrification
of health-care facilities 65
4.1 Energy supply options 66
4.1.1 Centralized grid extension 69
4.1.2 Mini-grids 70
4.1.3 Stand-alone solar systems 71
4.1.4 Fuel-based generators 75
4.1.5 Hybrid systems 77
4.1.6 Other forms of energy supply 77
4.1.7 Disposal of end-of-life batteries and solar photovoltaic panels 77
4.2 Key considerations for uptake of decentralized systems 79
4.2.1 Design of solar systems for decentralized health-care facility electrification 79
4.2.2 Factors influencing the cost of solar systems for health-care facility electrification 81
4.2.3 Integrating energy storage 82
4.2.4 Remote monitoring systems 83
4.2.5 Training and capacity-building 84
4.2.6 Key role of operation and maintenance 84
4.2.7 Building resilient health infrastructure 86
4.2.8 Advantages and challenges of different models for electrification of health-care facilities based on
decentralized solar systems 88
4.3 Tools for planning and system design 91
4.3.1 Tools for health-care facility electrification planning 91
4.3.2 Energy system design tools 95
4.4  Examples of solar system designs for different tiers of health-care facilities 97
4.4.1 First point of care 97
4.4.2 Primary health-care facilities 98
4.4.3 First referral units 98
4.4.4 Secondary health-care facilities 100
4.5  Modularity of decentralised solar-based solutions 101
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Chapter 5 Powering health-care facilities: an investment needs
assessment 103
5.1  Introduction 104
5.2  Methodological approach 104
5.2.1 The four electrification parameters 104
5.2.2 Estimating intervention requirements 107
5.2.3 Estimating proxy technology costs 107
5.2.4 Calculating total investment requirements 108
5.3  Results 109
5.3 Sensitivity analysis and discussion 112
Chapter 6 Enabling frameworks for electrification in resource-constrained
settings 117
6.1  Barriers to achieving health-care facility electrification 119
6.1.1 Technical barriers 119
6.1.2 Policy barriers 121
6.1.3 Capacity barriers 123
6.1.4 Financing barriers 124
6.2  Enabling environment for achieving health-care facility electrification 127
6.2.1 Policy frameworks 128
6.2.2 Data infrastructure 132
6.2.3 Institutional coordination 136
6.2.4 Capacity-building 137
6.2.5 Traditional and innovative financing approaches 139
6.2.6 A needs-driven, process-based approach to health-care facility electrification 144
6.3 Conclusion 147
Chapter 7 Country case studies and lessons learned 149
7.1 India 151
7.2 Uganda 155
7.3  Nepal 160
7.4 Lessons learned 164
Chapter 8 Conclusions and way forward 167
8.1 Data-related actions 168
8.2 System planning actions 174
8.3 Programme implementation actions 178
References 182