KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

FOREWORD 0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 0
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8
2. INTRODUCTION 16
3. METHODOLOGY 18
3.1 The Energy Trilemma 18
3.2 The energy crisis and security of supply 19
3.3 The energy value chain 19
3.4 Scope of the study 20
3.5 Delimitations 22
3.6 Data collection 23
3.7 Description of data sources 24
3.8 Interviews 25
3.9 Assessment of the data used 27
3.10 Report structure 28
4. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS AND MARKETS 32
4.1 The electricity system 34
4.2 Natural gas and electricity prices in Europe 48
4.3 The energy system in Iceland 49
5. DRIVERS, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSES 51
5.1 Electricity market structure 53
5.2 Decommissioned controllable electric capacity 57
5.3 Balancing electricity supply and demand 62
5.4 Lack of electric grid infrastructure 65
5.5 Inflexible electricity demand 68
5.6 Weather-dependent energy supply 71
5.7 Increasing energy-import dependency 74
5.8 Reductions in natural gas supply 76
5.9 Preparedness of the Nordic countries 78
5.10 Responses to alleviate pressure on household finances 82
6. RISK SCREENING 86
6.1 Long approval processes 89
6.2 Modest public infrastructure acceptance 92
6.3 Inadequate electricity market design 93
6.4 High mineral and energy supply dependencies 95
6.5 Lack of electric grid infrastructure 97
6.6 Absence of sustainable long-term energy storage 98
6.7 Unchanged consumer behaviour 99
6.8 Increased weather dependence 100
6.9 Inadequate energy crisis management 102
6.10 Labour shortages 103
7. MITIGATION MEASURES AND GAP ANALYSES 105
7.1 Accelerated permitting for electricity generation and grid infrastructure 109
7.2 Public inclusion in energy infrastructure 111
7.3 Adapt electricity market design 112
7.4 Strategic sourcing of metals and minerals 115
7.5 Strategic sourcing of fuels 117
7.6 Development of electric grid infrastructure 119
7.7 Energy infrastructure and integration 121
7.8 Information campaigns and digital applications 124
7.9 Energy generation diversification 125
7.10 Energy crisis mechanisms 127
7.11 Tripartite negotiations 128
8. TARGETING NORDIC ADDED VALUE 130
8.1 Policy recommendations 130
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 133
10. APPENDIX 1: ENERGY BALANCE PER COUNTRY 140
11. APPENDIX 2: BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF NON-HIGH RISK FACTORS 142
12. APPENDIX 3: NATIONAL RESPONSES TO RELIEVE PRESSURE ON HOUSEHOLD FINANCES 146
About this publication 150