KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction 4
Section 2: Current Status and Trends 6
2.1 Observed Changes, Impacts and Attribution 6
2.1.1 Observed Warming and its Causes 6
2.1.2 Observed Climate System Changes and Impacts to Date 11
2.2 Responses Undertaken to Date 18
2.2.1 Global Policy Setting 18
2.2.2 Mitigation Actions to Date 19
2.2.3 Adaptation Actions to Date 21
2.3 Current Mitigation and Adaptation Actions and Policies are not Sufficient 23
2.3.1 The Gap Between Mitigation Policies, Pledges and Pathways that Limit Warming to 1.5 or
Below 2°C 23
Cross-Section Box.1: Understanding Net Zero CO2 and Net Zero GHG Emissions 26
2.3.2 Adaptation Gaps and Barriers 27
2.3.3 Lack of Finance as a Barrier to Climate Action 28
Cross-Section Box.2: Scenarios, Global Warming Levels, and Risks 29
Section 3: Long-Term Climate and Development Futures 33
3.1 Long-Term Climate Change, Impacts and Related Risks 33
3.1.1 Long-term Climate Change 33
3.1.2 Impacts and Related Risks 36
3.1.3 The Likelihood and Risks of Abrupt and Irreversible Change 42
3.2 Long-term Adaptation Options and Limits 43
3.3 Mitigation Pathways 46
3.3.1 Remaining Carbon Budgets 46
3.3.2 Net Zero Emissions: Timing and Implications 50
3.3.3 Sectoral Contributions to Mitigation 51
3.3.4 Overshoot Pathways: Increased Risks and Other Implications 53
3.4 Long-Term Interactions Between Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development 53
3.4.1 Synergies and trade-offs, costs and benefits 53
3.4.2 Advancing Integrated Climate Action for Sustainable Development 55
Section 4: Near-Term Responses in a Changing Climate 56
4.1 The Timing and Urgency of Climate Action 56
4.2 Benefits of Strengthening Near-Term Action 59
4.3 Near-Term Risks 62
4.4 Equity and Inclusion in Climate Change Action 66
4.5 Near-Term Mitigation and Adaptation Actions 68
4.5.1 Energy Systems 70
4.5.2 Industry 71
4.5.3 Cities, Settlements and Infrastructure 72
4.5.4 Land, Ocean, Food, and Water 73
4.5.5 Health and Nutrition 74
4.5.6 Society, Livelihoods, and Economies 74
4.6 Co-Benefits of Adaptation and Mitigation for Sustainable Development Goals 75
4.7 Governance and Policy for Near-Term Climate Change Action 78
4.8 Strengthening the Response: Finance, International Cooperation and Technology 80
4.8.1 Finance for Mitigation and Adaptation Actions 80
4.8.2 International Cooperation and Coordination 82
4.8.3 Technology Innovation, Adoption, Diffusion and Transfer 83
4.9 Integration of Near-Term Actions Across Sectors and Systems 84