KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

1.  Introduction ................. 1
 
2.  Net Zero: The Goal and the Gap ................. 3

3.  Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies and Costs ................. 5
 3.1.  Technological Options ................. 5
 3.2.  Conventional versus Novel Technologies ................. 8
 3.3.  CDR Cost Estimates ................. 9

4.  Criteria for CDR Policy Analysis ................. 11

5.  Current US CDR Policies ................. 13
 5.1.  Policies for Stimulating Forest Carbon Removal ................. 14
 5.2.  Policies for Stimulating Use of DAC and BEC ................. 15
 5.3.  RD&D Policies and Investment Initiatives for DAC and BEC ................. 16
 5.4.  Policies and Regulatory Frameworks for CO2 Transport and Storage ................. 18
 5.5.  Mechanisms for Addressing Equity in Benefits of CDR Expansion ................. 19
 5.6.  Environmental Considerations ................. 20
 5.7.  Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification Challenges ................. 21
 5.8.  Policy Responses to Implementation Challenges ................. 23

6.  Policy Recommendations for Initiating the CDR Transition ................. 28
 6.1.  Policies to Increase Conventional Land-Based CDR ................. 28
 6.2.  Policies for Catalyzing Increased Investment in DAC and BEC Technologies ................. 30
 6.3.  Policies Governing CO2 Transportation and Storage ................. 33
 6.4.  Benefits Sharing ................. 34
 6.5.  Ancillary Environmental Consequences and Environmental Justice ................. 35

7.  Policy Recommendations for Achieving Net Zero by Midcentury ................. 36
 7.1.  Cost-Effective CDR and ER ................. 37
 7.2.  Achieving Cost-Effective Policy: Cap-and-Trade or Carbon Pricing with CDR (CAT+ and CP+) ... 38
 7.3.  Different Approaches to Midcentury CDR Policy ................. 40
 7.4.  Other Midcentury Policy Scenarios ................. 42
 7.5.  Overshooting and the Need for Net-Negative Emissions(beyond Midcentury) ....... 46
 7.6.  Sequencing of ER and CDR Policies over Time ................. 46

8.  Conclusions ................. 48

9.  References ................. 50