KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Executive summary .................................................................................................................. 7 

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 16 
 Why recycling? ...................................................................................................................... 16  
 Objective of the report ........................................................................................................... 18 
 Scope .................................................................................................................................... 18 
 Scenarios .............................................................................................................................. 19 
 Chapter structure .................................................................................................................. 21 

Chapter 1. State of play ......................................................................................................... 22 
 1.1. How recycling works ...................................................................................................... 22 
 1.2. Indicators to assess recycling performance .................................................................. 24 
 1.3. Business models ............................................................................................................ 26 
 1.4. Historical performance by commodity and region ......................................................... 32 
 1.5. Recent policy developments .......................................................................................... 40 

Chapter 2. Outlook for critical minerals recycling .............................................................. 47 
 2.1. Overview of the impacts of recycling and implications for primary supply .................... 47 
 2.2. EV and storage batteries ............................................................................................... 50 
 2.3. Copper recycling ............................................................................................................ 76 
 2.4. Rare earth elements from permanent magnets ............................................................. 88 
 2.5. Mine waste ................................................................................................................... 101 
 2.6. E-waste ........................................................................................................................ 109 

Chapter 3. Cross-cutting issues to maximise the potential of recycling ....................... 118 
 3.1. Economics of recycling ................................................................................................ 118 
 3.2. Technology innovation ................................................................................................. 123 
 3.3. Cross-border waste and scrap trade ........................................................................... 128 
 3.4. Sustainability considerations ....................................................................................... 137 

Chapter 4. Policy recommendations .................................................................................. 146 
 4.1. Develop detailed long-term policy roadmaps .............................................................. 146 
 4.2. Harmonise waste management and recycling policies to develop efficient secondary markets ....... 147 
 4.3. Strengthen domestic infrastructure with incentives and mandates ............................. 148 
 4.4. Encourage traceability, standards and certifications to boost the consumption of recycled materials ......... 150 
 4.5. Provide targeted financial support for technology innovation, R&D and workforce training ....... 150 
 4.6. Strengthen recycling systems in emerging market and developing economies ......... 151 
 4.7. Tackle data and information gaps................................................................................ 152 
 4.8. Embrace a holistic approach beyond recycling ........................................................... 153 
 4.9. Tackle environmental, social and governance issues for recyclers ............................ 153 

Annex A ................................................................................................................................. 155 
 Policies ................................................................................................................................ 155 
 Abbreviations and acronyms............................................................................................... 160  
 Units .................................................................................................................................... 161