KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Rationale of the paper ............................................................................................................................ 5 

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 6 

1. A new framework for energy: making sector integration come true ............................................. 9 
 1.1. What do we understand by sector integration and sector coupling? ................................... 9 
 1.2. The role of hydrogen in sector integration ......................................................................... 10 
 1.3. How to include System Integration in infrastructure planning? ......................................... 13 

2. The need for a European Hydrogen Transport Infrastructure ...................................................... 15 
 2.1. What constitutes the hydrogen backbone? ........................................................................ 15 
 2.2. Why do we need a European Hydrogen backbone? ........................................................... 15 
  2.2.1. To connect demand and supply ...................................................................................... 15 
  2.2.2. To alleviate the cost of network tariffs and grid development ...................................... 17 
 2.3. Challenges of meshing the EU with hydrogen pipelines ..................................................... 25 
  2.3.1. How to approach different levels of planning ................................................................ 25 
  2.3.2. Finding the right financing mechanism ........................................................................... 26 

3. Hydrogen Import Infrastructure ................................................................................................... 28 
 3.1. Why Europe needs imports ................................................................................................. 28 
 3.2. Import routes ....................................................................................................................... 29 
 3.3. An abundance of import options to explore ....................................................................... 31 
 3.4. The crucial role of port infrastructure ................................................................................. 32 
 3.5. Thorny and interlinked issues: costs and infrastructure ..................................................... 34 

4. Hydrogen Storage Infrastructure .................................................................................................. 36 
 4.1. Why do we need Hydrogen Storage? .................................................................................. 36 
  4.1.1. To provide a stable baseload supply to industries .......................................................... 36 
  4.1.2. To provide a flexibility option for the power sector ....................................................... 36 
  4.1.3. To enhance Security of Supply ........................................................................................ 38 
 4.2. How will Hydrogen Storage Infrastructure develop? .......................................................... 39 
  4.2.1. Types of hydrogen storage technologies and associated considerations ....................... 39 
  4.2.2. The potential of salt caverns ........................................................................................... 41 
  4.2.3. Other underground hydrogen storage options ............................................................... 42 
 4.3. Challenges to the development of underground hydrogen storage ................................... 43 
  4.3.1. A gap between UHS needs and projects ......................................................................... 43 
  4.3.2. Long lead times for commissioning ................................................................................. 44 
  4.3.3. Lack of market signals for investment ............................................................................ 44 

5. Looking ahead: Hydrogen Europe recommendations to enable the expansion of the EU hydrogen infrastructure ...................... 46
 5.1. Clear market incentives: solving the chicken & egg problem ............................................. 46 
 5.2. How to solve the planning dilemma .................................................................................... 47 
 5.3. Creating an adequate financing framework ........................................................................ 49 

A. ANNEX: System Integration .......................................................................................................... 50 
 A.1. The importance of heating infrastructure at distribution level ................................................. 50 
 A.2. Flexibility provided by electrolysers to the power system ........................................................ 50 

B. ANNEX: Technical challenges for repurposing pipelines .............................................................. 51 
 B.1. Technical factors to consider when repurposing pipelines ....................................................... 51 
 B.2. What is the Hydrogen-readiness level of EU pipelines? ............................................................ 51 

C. ANNEX: H2 Carriers in Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 52 
 C.1. Technical Aspects of H2 and H2 Carriers in Infrastructure ........................................................ 52 
 C.2. Repurposing LNG terminals to H2 terminals. ............................................................................ 55 

D. ANNEX: H2 Storage ....................................................................................................................... 55 
 D.1. Seasonal flexibility and the imitations of batteries and hydropower as storage options ......... 55