KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Commissioners’ welcome 5

Foreword 7

Acknowledgements 8

Executive summary and key messages 9

1 Introduction 17
 1.1 Aim and objective 17
 1.2 From EMTER 2021 to EMTER 2025 18
 1.3 State of the maritime transport traffic and trade 18

2 Trends, status and prospects 25
 2.1 Emissions to the atmosphere 25
  2.1.1 Greenhouse gases 25
  2.1.2 Air pollutants 40
  2.1.3 Air quality in ports 59
 2.2 Water pollution 62
  2.2.1 Oil spills 62
  2.2.2 Discharge waters and contaminants 66
  2.2.3 Ballast waters and non-indigenous species (NIS) 71
  2.2.4 Underwater radiated noise 76
 2.3 Marine litter and waste delivery at ports 83
  2.3.1 Marine litter, passively fished waste, and container loss. 83
  2.3.2 Waste reception at ports 91
  2.3.3 Ship recycling 94
 2.4 Hazards and physical disturbance of seabed 98
  2.4.1 Collisions with animals 98
  2.4.2 Physical disturbance of the seabed 103
  2.4.3 Seabed disturbance: A special focus on ports 107

3 Achieving decarbonisation targets 112
 3.1 An EU basket of measures 113
  3.1.1 EU Emission Trading System 113 
  3.1.2 FuelEU Maritime Regulation 113
  3.1.3 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation 113
  3.1.4 Renewable Energy Directive 114
  3.1.5 Energy Taxation Directive 115
 3.2 Climate neutral energy solutions 115
  3.2.1 Biofuels 115
  3.2.2 Methanol 115
  3.2.3 Hydrogen 116
  3.2.4 Synthetic fuels 117
  3.2.5 Ammonia 118
  3.2.6 Wind propulsion 119
  3.2.7 Batteries 121
  3.2.8 Fuel cells 122
  3.2.9 Nuclear propulsion 122
  3.2.10 Onboard carbon capture and storage 123
  3.2.11 Onshore Power Supply 124
 3.3 Energy transition foresight 125
  3.3.1 CO2 emissions outlook 125
  3.3.2 Roadmap to energy transition in 2030 and 2050 128
  3.3.3 Green corridors 135
  3.3.4 Human element and seafarer training outlook 136
 
4 Knowledge gaps 137
 4.1 Gaps 137
 4.2 The role of research and innovation  138
 4.3 A new integrated monitoring infrastructure  140

Abbreviations 142

References 146 

Annex 1   Regulatory and monitoring frameworks 163
 A1.1 Emissions to the atmosphere 163
  A1.1.1 Greenhouse gases 163
  A1.1.2 Air quality and depletion of the ozone layer 166
 A1.2 Water pollution 173
  A1.2.1 Contaminants and oil spills 173
  A1.2.2 Discharge waters  176
  A1.2.3 Ballast water and non-indigenous species 178
 A1.3 Marine litter and waste delivery at ports 180
  A1.3.1 Marine litter, passively fished waste and container loss 180
  A1.3.2 Waste delivery at ports 182
  A1.3.3 Ship Recycling 183
 A1.4 Hazards and physical disturbance of the seabed 185
  A1.4.1 Collisions with animals  185
  A1.4.2 Physical disturbance of the seabed  186