KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Abstract ............................. 3 

Acknowledgements ..... 4 

1 Introduction .............. 5 

2 Natural gas and hydrogen infrastructure in the European Union ..... 7 
 2.1 Natural gas infrastructure ........ 7 
 2.2 Hydrogen infrastructure ... 8 
 2.3 Characteristics of the natural gas grid ..... 10 
 2.4 Operating conditions for a future hydrogen gas grid ... 10 

3 Hydrogen's effect on pipeline materials  ...... 12 
 3.1 Steel materials ...... 12 
  3.1.1 Tensile properties ..... 14 
  3.1.2 Fracture toughness ..... 15 
  3.1.3 Fatigue ............ 17 
  3.1.4 Influence of hardness and steel microstructure ..... 21 
  3.1.5 The effect of gas impurities ..... 22 
 3.2 Polymers ....... 23 

4 Integrity and safety challenges for hydrogen pipelines ..... 25 
 4.1 Integrity challenges .... 25 
  4.1.1 Defects...... 26 
   4.1.1.1 Crack-like defects ...... 26 
   4.1.1.2 Dents & gouges ......... 30 
   4.1.1.3 Corrosion ........ 31 
   4.1.1.4 Ground movement ..... 32 
   4.1.1.5 Summary ...... 32 
  4.1.2 Inspection of pipelines ....... 33 
  4.1.3 Pipeline integrity management systems ..... 34 
 4.2 Safety challenges ..... 35 
  4.2.1 Explosive atmosphere ...... 39 
 4.3 Risk assessment approaches ...... 39 

5 Requirements, codes, standards and guidelines for hydrogen pipelines .... 43 
 5.1 ASME B31.12-2023 ...... 43 
 5.2 DVGW G 464 ........... 44 
 5.3 IGEM/TD/1 Supplement 2 ..... 44 
 5.4 EIGA IGC Doc 121/14 ........ 45 

6 Testing facilities on hydrogen pipelines ...... 47 
 6.1 DNV  Spadeadam  Great Britain ....... 47 
 6.2 Rosen group  Lingen  Germany / Newcastle  Great Britain ...... 48 
 6.3 Rina Consulting Centro Sviluppo Materiali SpA  Cosenza  Italy .....48 
 6.4 Energinet  Varde  Denmark ...... 49 
 6.5 KIWA  Apeldoorn  The Netherlands ...... 50 
 6.6 Fundación Hidrógeno Aragón  Huesca  Spain ...... 51 
 6.7 Sandia National Laboratory  Albuquerque - USA ...... 51 
 6.8 C-FER Technologies  Edmonton  Canada ....... 52 
 6.9 Canberra Institute of Technology  Canberra  Australia ........ 53 
 6.10 Kyushu University  Fukuoka  Japan ...... 54 

7 The High-Pressure Gas Testing Facility (GasTeF) of the European Commission's Joint Centre (JRC) .......... 55 
 7.1 Description and technical characteristics........ 55 
 7.2 Earlier experimental results ........... 56 
 7.3 Research priorities in the context of hydrogen pipelines ......... 56 

8 Discussion ................ 58 

9 Conclusions .......... 61 

References ........ 62 

List of abbreviations and definitions ...... 72 

List of figures .............. 74 

List of tables ................ 75 

Annexes .......................... 76 
 Annex 1. On-going infrastructure and R&D projects ...... 76