KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Abstract ............ 3 

Foreword .... 4 

Acknowledgements ......... 5 

Executive summary ......... 6 

1 Introduction .................. 9 

2 Scope .. 10 
 2.1 Applications ..... 10 
 2.2 Technologies ... 13 
 2.3 Operating conditions ....... 14 
 2.4 Second-life batteries ...... 15 

3 Assessment of performance and durability parameters ................. 17 
 3.1 Suitability assessment ... 17 
 3.2 Application-specific classification: repetitive energy supply vs on-demand batteries.............. 23 

4 Minimum requirements: performance ........ 25 
 4.1 Conceptual principles ...... 25 
 4.2 Supporting data ................. 27 

5 Minimum requirements: durability ............... 31 
 5.1 Basic terms and principles  32 
 5.2 Stress factor concept ..... 36 
  5.2.1 Concept basis ........ 36 
  5.2.2 Stressors and stress factors.... 37 
  5.2.3 Stress factor quantification ..... 40 
   5.2.3.1 Proposal ......... 40 
   5.2.3.2 Validation on stressor level ................ 42 
   5.2.3.3 Validation on 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 level ..... 44 
 5.3 Supporting data for requirement thresholds .... 45 
  5.3.1 Capacity fade ........ 46 
  5.3.2 Expected life-time in cycles ..... 52 
  5.3.3 Expected life-time in years ...... 56 

6 Second-life batteries ................. 62 
 6.1 Batteries that had been placed on the EU market before ... 63 
 6.2 Second-life batteries imported into the EU where insufficient first-life data is available ..... 63 
 6.3 Second-life batteries imported into the EU where sufficient first-life data is available ........ 63 
  6.3.1 Already fulfilled MinReqs in 1st life........... 64 
  6.3.2 Not yet fulfilled MinReqs in 1st life ........... 64 
   6.3.2.1 Proposal for reduced capacity fade MinReq ........ 65 
   6.3.2.2 Proposal for reduced expected life-time MinReqs ................ 66 

7 Conclusions ................ 67 

References ... 69 

List of abbreviations ... 77 

List of definitions .......... 78 

List of boxes 79 

List of figures .................. 80 

List of tables .................... 82 

Annexes ... 83 
 Annex 1. Stakeholder consultation ............... 83 
 Annex 2. Stress factor concept .................... 116 
 Annex 3. JRC durability database .............. 118 
 Annex 4. Applicability of stress factor concept to standards ..... 122