KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Figures, tables and boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 
Abbreviations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 Key messages   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
 Key findings   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
 
INTRODUCTION   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
 
01 THE ENERGY TRANSITION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
 Key findings    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
 Key messages   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
 1.1 Global challenges and the EU role in reducing emissions   . . .31
 1.2 Roadmap for the EU27’s decarbonisation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
 1.3 Investing in the energy transition – the key focus  . . . . . . . . . .47
 
02 TRANSPORT   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
 Key findings   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
 Key messages   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
 2.1  The role of transport in meeting EU emissions reduction targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
 2.2 Pathways for decarbonising transport  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
 2.3 General overview of the transport sector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
 2.4 Road transport   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
 2.5 Rail transport   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
 2.6 Domestic aviation   . . . . . . . . . . . .62
 2.7 Domestic shipping   . . . . . . . . . . . .63
 2.8 International aviation and shipping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
 2.9 Investment in transport   . . . . . . .65
 
03 INDUSTRY   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
 Key findings   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
 Key messages    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
 3.1 Industry’s role in meeting EU emissions reduction targets   .72
 3.2 General overview of EU industry   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
 3.3 Critical materials key to the energy transition  . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
 3.4 EU iron and steel   . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
 3.5 Cement   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
 3.6 Chemicals    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
 3.7 Investment in industry   . . . . . . . .90
 3.8 Key actions and priorities    . . . . .91
 
04 BUILDINGS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
 Key findings   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
 Key messages   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
 4.1 Buildings' role in meeting EU emissions reduction targets  . .96
 4.2 Brief overview of the buildings sector   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
 4.3 Electrification of heating services and the sector  . . . . . . . . .102
 4.4 Space heating   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
 4.5 Space cooling   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
 4.6 The role of biomethane and heat pumps  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
 4.7 Energy efficiency   . . . . . . . . . . . .106
 4.8 The role of natural gas in the buildings sector  . . . . . . . . . . . .107
 4.9 Renewable energy in the buildings sector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
 4.10 Electric appliances, lighting and cooling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
 4.11 Investment in buildings   . . . . . .110
 
05 THE POWER SECTOR AND GREEN HYDROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
 Key findings   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
 Key messages   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
 5.1  The power sector’s role in meeting EU emissions reduction targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
 5.2 Electricity demand projections  121
 5.3 Power sector capacity expansion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
 5.4 Power generation mix   . . . . . . . .126
 5.5 Grid infrastructure, storage and system flexibility  . . . . . . . .127
 5.6 Green hydrogen and its derivatives  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
 5.7 Regional integration   . . . . . . . . .132
 5.8 Role of inter-connections in a unified energy market  . . . . . .133
 5.9 Addressing challenges in renewable capacity deployment  .135
 5.10 EU27 integration with neighbouring markets  . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
 5.11 Investment in the power sector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
 5.12 Wholesale electricity market impacts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
 5.13  Key actions and priorities for power sector decarbonisation and green hydrogen . . . . .142
 
06 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION . . . . . . . . 144
 Key findings   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
 Key messages   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
 6.1 Overview   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
 6.2 Economic Impacts   . . . . . . . . . . .148
 6.3 Economy-wide employment   . .151
 6.4 Energy sector jobs   . . . . . . . . . . .152
 6.5 Renewables jobs   . . . . . . . . . . . .153
 6.6 Welfare   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
 
REFERENCES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157