KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 3 

Executive summary ................................................................................................................. 9 

State of play 15 
 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 16 
 1.2 Electricity access rates ...................................................................................... 16 
  1.2.1 Defining electricity access ..................................................................... 17 
 1.3 Financing access: Overview by technology ...................................................... 19 
  1.3.1 Grids ...................................................................................................... 21 
  1.3.2 Decentralised solutions ......................................................................... 23 
 1.4 Financing access: Overview by provider ........................................................... 24 
  1.4.1 Private finance ...................................................................................... 26 
  1.4.2 Public finance ........................................................................................ 29 
 1.5 Financing access: Overview by instrument ...................................................... 33 
  1.5.1 Debt ....................................................................................................... 34 
  1.5.2 Equity .................................................................................................... 36 
  1.5.3 Risk mitigation instruments .................................................................. 38 

Pathway to universal access 41 
 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 42
 2.2 Investment need for universal access .............................................................. 42
  2.2.1 Grids ...................................................................................................... 44 
  2.2.2 Decentralised solutions ......................................................................... 46 
  2.2.3 Integrated planning and hybrid solutions ............................................. 49 
 2.3 How to scale up finance to achieve universal access ....................................... 52
  2.3.1 Provider ................................................................................................. 52
  2.3.2 Instrument ............................................................................................ 59
 2.4 Innovative financing for decentralised solutions ............................................. 63
  2.4.1 Off-balance sheet financing for pay-as-you-go solar home systems .... 63
  2.4.2 Energy-as-a-service for underserved communities ............................... 66
  2.4.3 Green debt issuances for mini-grid projects ......................................... 68
  2.4.4 Crowdfunding and retail investors ........................................................ 69
 
Beyond new connections 73 
 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 74
 3.2 The affordabiilty gap ........................................................................................ 74 
 3.3 Reducing the cost of electricity access ............................................................. 80 
  3.3.1 Reducing financing costs ....................................................................... 82 
  3.3.2 Using supply-side subsidies to reduce non-financing costs .................. 84 
  3.3.3 Using demand-side subsidies to reduce the cost for consumers .......... 87 
 3.4 Supporting vulnerable communities ................................................................ 88 
  3.4.1 Fragile and confict-prone settings ......................................................... 88 
  3.4.2 Informal settlements ............................................................................. 90 
  3.4.3 Displacement settings ........................................................................... 92 
  3.4.3 Small islands .......................................................................................... 95 
 3.5 Improving gender balance in electricity access finance ................................... 98 
  3.5.1 Gender gap in access to finance ............................................................ 99 
  3.5.2 Steps to improve access to finance ..................................................... 100 
 3.6 Maximising the impact of concessional resources ......................................... 102 
  3.6.1 Priority investment areas for concessional capital providers ............. 103 
  3.6.2 Financial instruments for concessional capital to reduce project risk 105 

Annexes 
 Annex A. Methodology ....................................................................................................... 113 
 Annex B. Definitions ............................................................................................................ 119 
 Annex C. References ........................................................................................................... 137