KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Table of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 7 

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 8 

List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 9 

Executive summary ............................................................................................................................ 10 

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 12 

2 Application and Classification ................................................................................................ 13 

3 Review of Li-Ion battery systems ........................................................................................... 17 
 3.1 Technology ............................................................................................................... 17 
 3.2 Future perspective on Lithium batteries ................................................................... 20 
 3.3 From cell to system ................................................................................................... 20 
 3.4 Aging ......................................................................................................................... 22 
 3.5 Safety ........................................................................................................................ 23 
 3.6 Charging technology ................................................................................................. 25 
 3.7 Intelligence and Operation Strategies....................................................................... 26 
 3.8 Result ........................................................................................................................ 27 

4 Case Study ............................................................................................................................ 28 
 4.1 System analysis: Haiti ............................................................................................... 28 
 Classification of the case study ............................................................................................. 34 

5 Performance comparison Li-ion vs. lead-acid ....................................................................... 35 
 5.1 Scope of work ........................................................................................................... 35 
 5.2 Selected PV Hybrid Systems .................................................................................... 35 
 5.3 Simulations ............................................................................................................... 40 
 5.4 Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................ 42 
 5.5 Simulation Results .................................................................................................... 42 
 5.6 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 47 

6 Factors for successful operation ............................................................................................ 48 
 6.1 Design ....................................................................................................................... 48 
 6.2 Implementation ......................................................................................................... 51 
 6.3 Operation .................................................................................................................. 52 
  6.3.2.1 Intra-system Communication (Batteries – BMS – Inverter) ...................................... 53 
  6.3.2.2 Advanced Battery Analysis ....................................................................................... 53 
  6.3.2.3 Early Alarming Systems ............................................................................................ 54 
  6.3.2.4 Predictive Maintenance ............................................................................................ 54
  6.3.2.5 Compliance with Cycling Conditions (Potential Warranty Requirement) .................. 54 
  6.3.4.1 Overall System Security Considerations .................................................................. 55 
  6.3.4.2 Fire Extinguisher Systems and Safety Measures ..................................................... 55 
  6.3.4.3 Cooling Safety Protocols .......................................................................................... 55 
  6.3.4.4 Redundancy Strategies ............................................................................................ 55 
  6.3.4.5 Health and Safety (H&S) Measures .......................................................................... 55 
  6.3.4.6 Strategic BESS Location to Reduce Risks to Other Structures ............................... 56 
 6.4 Ownership and End-of-Life ....................................................................................... 56 
 6.5 O&M summary .......................................................................................................... 57 

7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 58