KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 3 

Executive summary ................................................................................................................. 9 

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 

1. Colombia today 17 
 1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 18 
 1.2 Economic and social context ............................................................................ 19 
  1.2.1 GDP structure ........................................................................................ 20 
  1.2.2 Resources .............................................................................................. 21 
  1.2.3 Social setting ......................................................................................... 23 
  1.2.4 Investment and labour market ............................................................. 24 
 1.3 Energy and emissions trends ............................................................................ 25 
  1.3.1 Energy demand and supply ................................................................... 25 
  1.3.2 Energy demand ..................................................................................... 26 
  1.3.3 Electricity sector .................................................................................... 28 
  1.3.4 Energy sector emissions trends ............................................................. 31 
 1.4 Energy and climate policy landscape ................................................................ 32 
  1.4.1 Universal access policies ....................................................................... 33 
  1.4.2 Energy supply policies ........................................................................... 34 
  1.4.3 Power sector policies ............................................................................ 35 
  1.4.4 Electrification policies ........................................................................... 36 
  1.4.5 Energy efficiency policies ...................................................................... 37 

2. A pathway to net zero emissions by 2050 39 
 2.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 40 
  2.1.1 Scenario design ..................................................................................... 40 
  2.1.2 GDP, population and CO2 price ............................................................. 41 
 2.2 Pathway for the energy sector ......................................................................... 42 
  2.2.1 Emissions pathway and milestones....................................................... 42 
  2.2.2 Total energy demand ............................................................................ 46 
 2.3 Pathways for end-use sectors .......................................................................... 47 
  2.3.1 Transport ............................................................................................... 49 
  2.3.2 Industry ................................................................................................. 54 
  2.3.3 Buildings ................................................................................................ 59 
 2.4 Pathway for the electricity sector .................................................................... 63 
  2.4.1 Electricity demand ................................................................................ 63 
  2.4.2 Electricity generation ............................................................................ 64 
  2.4.3 Installed capacity ................................................................................... 66 
  2.4.4 Electricity grids ...................................................................................... 71 
 2.5 Energy production in the pathway ................................................................... 72 
  2.5.1 Fossil fuels ............................................................................................. 72 
  2.5.2 Bioenergy .............................................................................................. 73 
  2.5.3 Hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels .................................................... 75 

3. A just, secure and well-financed pathway 77 
 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 78 
 3.2 Just transition ................................................................................................... 79 
  3.2.1 Access to clean cooking ......................................................................... 79 
  3.2.2 Reducing air pollution ........................................................................... 81 
  3.2.3 Keeping energy bills affordable ............................................................. 84 
  3.2.4 Opportunities for industry and employment through the transition ... 86 
 3.3 Electricity security and climate resilience ........................................................ 91 
  3.3.1 Climate resilience of the electricity system .......................................... 91 
  3.3.2 Electricity security ................................................................................. 95 
 3.4 Investment and financing ................................................................................. 99 
  3.4.1 Recent investment trends confirm energy transition opportunities .... 99 
  3.4.2 Investment needs for power, fuel supply and end use ....................... 101 
  3.4.3 Mobilising finance for the energy transition ....................................... 104 

Annexes  
 Annex A. Data tables ........................................................................................................... 113 
 Annex B. Definitions ............................................................................................................ 123 
 Annex C. References ........................................................................................................... 145