KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 

INDEX OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 8 
 1.1 Key findings and recommendations: ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 
 1.2 Strategic role of district storage in the energy transition ..................................................................................................................... 8 
 1.3 Summary of use cases and implementation potential ......................................................................................................................... 8 

2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................10 
 2.1 Definition of district energy storage system (DESS) ............................................................................................................................ 10 
 2.2 Importance of district storage for flexibility and decarbonization and role of grid system operators ........................................... 10 
 2.3 Objectives and scope of the paper ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 
 2.4 Methodology and approach.................................................................................................................................................................. 11 

3 USE CASES OF DISTRICT STORAGE: UNLOCKING POTENTIAL .........................................................................................12 
 3.1 Key user group and benefits of district storage .................................................................................................................................. 12 
  3.1.1 Municipalities and Local Governments ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 
  3.1.2 Commercial and Industrial Facilities’ operators ......................................................................................................................................... 13 
  3.1.3 Residential Neighbourhoods and Housing Complexes ............................................................................................................................... 13 
  3.1.4 Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities’ operators ............................................................................................................................................ 13 
  3.1.5 University and Educational Campuses ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 
  3.1.6 Real Estate Developers ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 
  3.1.7 Electricity System Operators ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14 
  3.1.8 EV users .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 
 3.2 Use case, best practices and insights from European project ............................................................................................................ 15 

4 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW AND SELECTION CRITERIA....................................................................................................18 
 4.1 Thermal energy storage (TES) for district applications ....................................................................................................................... 18 
  4.1.1 Sensible Heat Storage (SHS) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 
  4.1.2 Latent Heat Storage (LHS) – Phase Change Materials (PCMs) ................................................................................................................... 18 
  4.1.3 High-Temperature Thermal Storage (Molten Salt Systems) ...................................................................................................................... 19 
 4.2 Electrochemical energy storage for District Applications ................................................................................................................... 19 
  4.2.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (Li-BESS) .............................................................................................................................. 20 
  4.2.2 Sodium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (Na-BESS) ............................................................................................................................ 20 
  4.2.3 Solid-state batteries. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 
  4.2.4 Flow Batteries ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 
  4.2.5 Supercapacitors: ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 
 4.3 Mechanical energy storage for district applications ........................................................................................................................... 21 
  4.3.1 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)....................................................................................................................................................................... 22 
  4.3.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 
  4.3.3 Gravity Energy Storage ................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 
  4.3.4 Flywheel ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 
 4.4 Chemical energy storage for district applications ............................................................................................................................... 23 
  4.4.1 Hydrogen Energy Storage ............................................................................................................................................................................. 23 
  4.4.2 Power-to-Gas (P2G) Systems ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24 
 4.5 Selection criteria for district energy storage technologies ................................................................................................................. 25 
 4.6 Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning .......................................................................................................... 27 

5 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................28 
 5.1 Overview of European energy storage legislation .............................................................................................................................. 28 
 5.2 Legislative references for energy communities and district storage ................................................................................................. 31 

6 BARRIERS AND ENABLERS FOR DESS ADOPTION..........................................................................................................34 
 6.1 Gaps and challenges in the current framework .................................................................................................................................. 34 
 6.2 Market structure .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 
  6.2.1 Barrier 1: Application of current regulation ................................................................................................................................................ 35 
  6.2.2 Barrier 2: Contracting.................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 
  6.2.3 Barrier 3: Investment security ...................................................................................................................................................................... 36 
  6.2.4 Barrier 4: Investment competitiveness ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 
 6.3 Social and stakeholder challenges ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 
  6.3.1 Barrier 1: Community Engagement and Public acceptance ....................................................................................................................... 36 
  6.3.2 Barrier 2: Ownership and Involvement ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 
  6.3.3 Barrier 3: Cybersecurity and Privacy ............................................................................................................................................................ 37 
 6.4 R&I needs beyond technology .............................................................................................................................................................. 37 
  6.4.1 Grid Fees and Taxation: ................................................................................................................................................................................ 37 
  6.4.2 Operational Markets for DESS:..................................................................................................................................................................... 38 
  6.4.3 Licencing of Operators: ................................................................................................................................................................................. 38 

7 BUSINESS AND GOVERNANCE MODELS,,,,,,...................................................................................................................40 
 7.1 Role of municipalities and local authorities ......................................................................................................................................... 40 
 7.2 Industrial symbiosis ............................................................................................................................................................................... 42 
 7.3 Shared value and circular business models ......................................................................................................................................... 43 

8 PROMOTING DISTRICT STORAGE DEPLOYMENT ..........................................................................................................45 
 8.1 Legislative and regulatory recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 45 
 8.2 Financial mechanisms to support deployment.................................................................................................................................... 46 
 8.3 Engaging energy communities and stakeholder networks ................................................................................................................. 47 
 8.4 Integrating coordinated flexibility into future energy systems .......................................................................................................... 47 
 8.5 Adoption of circular economy and resource efficiency principles ..................................................................................................... 47 
 8.6 Market structures and cross-sector integration with local energy markets ..................................................................................... 48 
 8.7 Strategies for data management and energy sharing ......................................................................................................................... 48 
 
9 STRATEGIC PATHWAYS FOR EU INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS ......................................................................................49 
 9.1 Opportunities for industry leadership in DESS deployment ............................................................................................................... 49 
 9.2 Building a collaborative ecosystem across sectors ............................................................................................................................. 49 
 9.3 Creating value through innovation and stakeholder engagement,,,, ................................................................................................. 50 
 
10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP ............................................................................................52 
 10.1 Actions for scaling up use cases at industrial levels ............................................................................................................................ 52 
 10.2 Framework for monitoring and measuring impact ............................................................................................................................. 52 
 10.3 Drivers to ensure participation and societal acceptance.................................................................................................................... 54 

11 CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................................................55 
 11.1 Summary of key insights and recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 55 
 11.2 Strategic role of district storage in achieving EU goals ....................................................................................................................... 55 
 11.3 Final call to action for stakeholders...................................................................................................................................................... 56 

12 APPENCIDES ............................................................................................................................................................57 

13 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................58