KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Executive summary ................................................................................................................. 7 

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 16 

The purpose of this report ........................................................................................ 17 

Results of the expert survey ..................................................................................... 19 

Themes from the IEA Energy Innovation Forum 2025 .............................................. 23 

Chapter 1. Recent developments ......................................................................................... 27 
 Notable upgrades in technology readiness ............................................................... 29 
 Prominent advances in research and prototyping ..................................................... 32 
 First-of-a-kind pilot and demo achievements ............................................................ 35 
 Announced commitments to go to the next level ...................................................... 39 
 New products and processes hitting the market ....................................................... 42 
 Enhancements to R&D facilities, test sites and innovation support ........................... 44 
 The IEA Races to First in energy innovation ............................................................. 46 
 Energy technology awards ....................................................................................... 55 

Chapter 2. Tracking spending trends.................................................................................... 58 
 Public R&D ............................................................................................................... 61 
 Corporate R&D......................................................................................................... 66 
 Venture capital investments ..................................................................................... 71 
 
Chapter 3. Patenting ............................................................................................................. 86 
 Trends in energy technology patenting ..................................................................... 86 
 National specialisations in energy technologies........................................................ 92 
 Trends in selected technology areas ........................................................................ 95 
 
Chapter 4. Policy progress .................................................................................................. 104 
 Overarching energy innovation strategies .............................................................. 106 
 Direct financial support ........................................................................................... 109 
 Tax incentives ........................................................................................................ 121 
 Innovation inducement prizes ................................................................................. 124 
 Demand-creation measures ................................................................................... 125 
 Access to research infrastructure ........................................................................... 129 
 Regulatory sandboxes and living labs .................................................................... 130 
 Knowledge management ........................................................................................ 131 
 Recognition awards ................................................................................................ 132 
 International collaboration ...................................................................................... 133 
 Remaining policy gaps and priorities ...................................................................... 136 

Chapter 5. Focus: Innovation for competitiveness ............................................................. 139 
 The economic pay-offs from public spending on energy innovation ........................ 140 
 Case studies: public sector contributions to transformational energy technologies . 152 
 Opportunities for innovation to boost competitiveness in key technology areas ...... 163 
 Knowledge gaps and priorities ............................................................................... 169 
 
Chapter 6. Focus: Technology innovation for electricity grid resilience ............................. 174 
 The challenges faced by electricity grids today....................................................... 175 
 The case for strengthened innovation .................................................................... 179 
 Technology landscape: ensuring real-time stability and power quality .................... 183 
 Technology landscape: ensuring system adequacy and flexibility .......................... 192 
 Technology landscape: ensuring physical resilience .............................................. 202 
 Technology landscape: ensuring effective grid governance, interoperability and cybersecurity .... 204 
 Knowledge gaps to be filled.................................................................................... 210 
 Priorities for reaching the next innovation stages ................................................... 212 

Chapter 7. Focus: Innovation to make gigawatts of grid-connected fusion energy  
 a reality ................................................................................................................................ 216 
 The case for strengthened innovation .................................................................... 219 
 Technology landscape: plasma confinement .......................................................... 225 
 Technology landscape: integrated fusion energy plants ......................................... 243 
 Knowledge gaps to be filled.................................................................................... 251 
 Priorities for reaching the next innovation stages ................................................... 252 

Annex A. Data tables .......................................................................................................... 255 

Annex B. Methodological notes .......................................................................................... 261 
 Innovation spending data ....................................................................................... 261 
 Patent data ............................................................................................................. 263 
 Innovation highlights, Races to First and Technology Readiness Levels ................ 264 
 Stakeholder survey ................................................................................................ 273 

Annex C. Definitions ........................................................................................................... 283 
 Currency conversions............................................................................................. 283 
 Acronyms and abbreviations .................................................................................. 283 
 Units ....................................................................................................................... 284