KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 6 

List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 7 

Executive Summary ........................................................................................ 8 

Introduction ............................................................................................ 12 
 
Unique Environmental Characteristics of the Arctic: Irradiance, Temperature, and Snow ............ 14 
 2.1 Irradiance ....................................................................................... 14 
 2.2 Ambient Temperature .................................................................... 16 
 2.3 Snow and Albedo Effects ............................................................... 18 
 
Data Challenges and Opportunities ....................................................... 22 

Design and Modeling Considerations for High-Latitude Irradiance and Albedo Conditions ........ 27 
 4.1 Design Considerations ................................................................... 27 
 4.2 Modeling Considerations ............................................................... 32 
 
Performance and Design of Solar PV in Extreme Cold Temperatures ... 34 
 5.1 Temperature-dependence of Different Solar Cell Technologies .... 34 
 5.2 Foundations and Frozen Ground ................................................... 36 
 5.3 Degradation Mechanisms and Performance Loss Rates ............... 40 
 
Design and Modeling Considerations for Snow and Ice Accumulations . 42 
 6.1 Snow Accumulations ..................................................................... 42 
 6.2 Shading Losses ............................................................................. 43 
 6.3 Accumulation of Soiling ................................................................. 44 
 6.4 Reliability ....................................................................................... 45 
 6.5 Mitigation and Adaptation .............................................................. 46 
 
Integration .............................................................................................. 49 
 
Arctic Country Summaries and Projections ............................................ 54 
 8.1 Electricity Sources in High-Latitude Regions ................................. 55 
 8.2 Regional Summaries ..................................................................... 56 
 8.3 Photovoltaic Installation Status ...................................................... 62 
 
Conclusions ............................................................................................ 65 

References ................................................................................................... 66