KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Figures  4 

Tables  4 

Boxes  4 

Glossary  5 

Definitions 5 

Executive summary  6 

1. Introduction, purpose and scope  8 

2. Understanding grid codes: Regional grid codes and harmonisation  10 

3. Status of regional interconnections and grid codes  12
 3.1 Europe 12
 3.2 North America  12 
 3.3 Latin America  12 
 3.4 Asia  13 
 3.5 Africa  14

4. Level of integration and cross-border trading  15
 4.1 Bilateral vs. multilateral forms of regional grid code harmonisation  16 
 4.2 Harmonisation in practice  18 
 4.3 Challenges to harmonisation  19

5. Key technical steps in building an effective regional interconnection  20
 5.1 Grid planning and operation  20
 5.2 Emergency and restoration  23
 5.3 Grid connection requirements for generators  24

6. Market integration  27
 6.1 Capacity allocation and congestion management  28 
 6.2 Forward capacity allocation  29 
 6.3 Energy balancing  30

7. Policy and regulatory implications of harmonisation  31
 7.1 Regulatory authority: Roles, responsibilities and regionalism  31 
 7.2 Enforcing regulatory rules  32
 
8. A phased approach to developing and implementing a harmonised grid code  34

9. Emerging trends in regional grid codes  37
 9.1 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) code  37 
 9.2 Cybersecurity code 37
 9.3 Confidentiality of data exchange 38
 9.4 Technical standards 38
 9.5 Management of inertia 39
 9.6 VRE expansion 39
 9.7 Optimisation of energy storage and other consumer-producer connections 40 

References  41