KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................4

INDEX OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................6

INDEX OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................7

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................8

2. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION..................................................................................................10
 2.1 Energy system transformation and the growing need for flexibility ........................................................................................... 10
 2.2 From network reinforcement to flexibility-enabled network development ............................................................................... 13
 2.3 From “flexibility” to Flexibility as a Service: rationale and scope ................................................................................................ 14
 2.4 Aims and objectives of the paper................................................................................................................................................ 14

3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF FLEXIBILITY AS A SERVICE.................................................................15
 3.1 Definition of flexibility: technical boundaries and glossary ......................................................................................................... 15
 3.2 Flexibility as a systemic action..................................................................................................................................................... 19
 3.3 Time horizons of flexibility (short-, medium- and long-term) ..................................................................................................... 20
 3.4 Role of FaaS in a net-zero and high-RES energy system.............................................................................................................. 23

4. PORTFOLIO OF FLEXIBLE ASSETS AND RESOURCES ............................................................................26
 4.1 Generation and energy storage-based flexibility......................................................................................................................... 27
 4.2 Demand-side management, demand-response and consumer-centric flexibility (Buildings, DHC, industry, ...) ........................ 36
 4.3 Flexibility from data centres and hydrogen................................................................................................................................. 37
  4.3.1 Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis............................................................................................................................ 37
  4.3.2 Data Centres.................................................................................................................................................................. 39
 
5. OPERATIONAL INTEGRATION AND SYSTEM COORDINATION.............................................................42
 5.1 Activation, control and interoperability of flexible resource....................................................................................................... 43
 5.2 TSO–DSO coordination models for FaaS...................................................................................................................................... 45
  5.2.1. TSO–DSO coordination models and governance options.................................................................................................. 45
 5.3 Hybrid and cross-vector operational strategies .......................................................................................................................... 52
 5.4 Cybersecurity and operational resilience as enablers of flexibility services................................................................................ 54
 5.5 Holistic architecture for a systemic approach ............................................................................................................................. 56
  5.5.1 Providing flexibility to the market ...................................................................................................................................... 58
  5.5.2 Provision of back-up power................................................................................................................................................ 60
  5.5.3 Fully integrated flexibility services: INTERACT market structure........................................................................................ 62

6. DATA, METHODS AND VALIDATION..................................................................................................65
 6.1 Modelling approaches for flexibility assessment......................................................................................................................... 65
 6.2 Data requirements, interoperability and digital infrastructure................................................................................................... 68
 6.3 Validation methodologies and performance assessment ........................................................................................................... 71

7. MARKET INTEGRATION....................................................................................................................75
 7.1 Flexibility services within existing electricity markets................................................................................................................. 75
  Local Flexibility Platforms (LFPs)......................................................................................................................................... 77
  Detailed analysis of leading local flexibility platforms..................................................................................................... 77
  ENERA (Germany)........................................................................................................................................................................ 78
  NODES (Norway, Sweden, Canada) ............................................................................................................................................. 79
  PicloFlex (UK, Italy, Ireland, USA, Portugal, Australia)................................................................................................................. 79
  GOPACS (Netherlands) ................................................................................................................................................................ 81
  Enedis (France) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 82
  EPEX LEM (United Kingdom)........................................................................................................................................................ 82
  Common conclusion for the six platforms................................................................................................................................... 83
 7.2 Flexibility products ...................................................................................................................................................................... 84
 7.3 Participation of new actors (aggregators, energy communities, small-scale assets ...) .............................................................. 85
 7.4 Economic and regulatory hurdles................................................................................................................................................ 88

8. CONCLUSIONS AND EXPECTED IMPACT ............................................................................................90
 8.1 Role of FaaS in future European energy systems ........................................................................................................................ 90
 8.2 Key recommendations for system operators, policymakers and industry and role of public funding ........................................ 90
 8.3 FaaS standardisation for enabling a cost-effective energy transition ......................................................................................... 92
 8.4 Outlook and next steps................................................................................................................................................................ 92

9. ANNEXES.........................................................................................................................................94
 9.1 Description of generation technologies ...................................................................................................................................... 94

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................100