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원자력 발전소에 기후 변화로 인한 위험이 닥쳤던 사례와, 설비의 복원력을 개선하기 위하여 시행할 수 있는 적응 전략을 담은 보고서가 NEA에 발간되었습니다.

제목 : Climate Change: Assessment of the Vulnerability of Nuclear Power Plants and Approaches for their Adaptation

[목차]

List of abbreviations and acronyms .................................................................................................... 9

Executive summary..............................................................................................................................11

Chapter 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................17

References ..........................................................................................................................................18

Chapter 2. Climate change, extreme weather events, uncertainties and regional

projections to 2080-2100 ................................................................................................21

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................21

The climate system...........................................................................................................................21

Climate change scenarios for the 21st century ..............................................................................25

Relevance for nuclear power plants ...............................................................................................31

References ..........................................................................................................................................41

Chapter 3. Impacts of extreme weather events on nuclear power plant operation ...............45

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................45

Data and method...............................................................................................................................45

Environmental causes ......................................................................................................................47

Weather-related causes....................................................................................................................51

Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................54

References ..........................................................................................................................................55

Chapter 4. Energy-water nexus – a focus on cooling issues (drought and heatwave events)...57

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................57

Cooling systems................................................................................................................................. 59

Circulating water system and essential service water system ...................................................62

Safety aspects of the essential service water system...................................................................64

Heatwave/drought events of the past ............................................................................................66

Nuclear power plants in hot/water-scarce environments...........................................................68

Impact of climate change and weather-related external events on the front-end

of the nuclear fuel cycle: focus on water issues............................................................................68

References ..........................................................................................................................................69

Chapter 5. The 1998 ice storm in Canada.......................................................................................73

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................73

The ice storm aftermath ..................................................................................................................73

The storm’s aftermath......................................................................................................................74

Analysis of damages on transmission lines in Quebec................................................................74

Total damages ...................................................................................................................................76

Review of projected climate change for North America ..............................................................76

Climatic perspective of the 1998 ice storm....................................................................................78

Predicting future ice storms in central/eastern Canada ..............................................................78

Ice storm over Gentilly-2 nuclear power plant..............................................................................79

Adaptive measures taken by Hydro-Quebec .................................................................................79

References ..........................................................................................................................................81

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6 CLIMATE CHANGE: ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND APPROACHES FOR THEIR ADAPTATION, NEA NO. 7207, © OECD 2021

Chapter 6. Climate change impact on cooling in the Laurentian Great Lakes, Canada

– an ecological approach ................................................................................................83

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................83

Sensitive species................................................................................................................................85

Thermal criteria.................................................................................................................................86

Critical habitat mapping and thermal plumes..............................................................................86

Climate change implications ...........................................................................................................88

Conclusions........................................................................................................................................89

References ..........................................................................................................................................89

Chapter 7. Scenarios of weather events for Finland’s nuclear power plants ..........................93

Scenarios of sea level rise, seawater temperatures, freezing rain, snow storms

and other relevant weather events for Finnish nuclear power plants ......................................93

Adaptation measures at TVO nuclear power plants against extreme weather conditions...........95

Adaptation measures at Fortum’s Loviisa nuclear power plant.................................................98

References ........................................................................................................................................100

Chapter 8. Heatwaves in France.....................................................................................................101

Introduction .....................................................................................................................................101

Power plant cooling needs .............................................................................................................102

A few figures for the heatwaves of 2003 and 2006......................................................................102

Main consequences for nuclear power plant operations...........................................................103

The Heatwave Project.....................................................................................................................103

2018 and 2019 heat waves..............................................................................................................108

References ........................................................................................................................................108

Chapter 9. Climate change impacts in Spain...............................................................................109

Impacts in the Mediterranean region...........................................................................................109

Some evidence of climate change in Spain .................................................................................109

Future trends ...................................................................................................................................110

Climate change and nuclear power plants ..................................................................................111

Examples of adaptation measures and strategies ......................................................................114

References ........................................................................................................................................122

Chapter 10. Weather events and their impact on nuclear plants in the United States..........123

Introduction .....................................................................................................................................123

Missouri River flooding, 2011.........................................................................................................123

Drought of 2012 ...............................................................................................................................125

Hurricane (“superstorm”) Sandy ...................................................................................................125

Conclusions......................................................................................................................................127

References ........................................................................................................................................128

Chapter 11. Regulations, standards and policies ..........................................................................129

Environmental regulations ............................................................................................................129

Safety regulations............................................................................................................................137

References ........................................................................................................................................145

Chapter 12. Vulnerability and adaptation of the nuclear power sector, R&D needs

to improve its resilience and recommendations .....................................................147

Vulnerability and adaptation of the nuclear sector....................................................................147

Estimating the cost of adaptation (or the cost of inaction) .......................................................148

R&D needs to improve the resilience of nuclear power plants.................................................149

Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................................150

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