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Electrolysis entails decomposing CO2 bonds and combining them with hydrogen to yield valuable hydrocarbons like formic acid, methanol, and ethanol. Traditionally, alkaline feedstock serves as the electrolyte, yet it generates undesired by-products such as carbonates, which can accumulate on equipment, impairing efficiency and longevity. 

To solve this issue, the key innovation is the utilization of electrolytes sourced directly from spent lead-acid batteries, representing a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. The recycling procedure for used batteries is energy-intensive and complex, requiring incineration before extracting lead ions. Although lead is a hazardous heavy metal due to its toxicity, it is an effective catalyst in converting greenhouse gases. Repurposing these materials reduces waste and contributes to environmental conservation.