KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

CONTENTS
Foreword........................................................................................................................................................ iv
Preface............................................................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................................... vi
Overview .......................................................................................................................................................xv
1. Green windows of opportunity ............................................................................................................xv
2. Moving fast with frontier technologies ................................................................................................ xvi
3. Laying the foundations.......................................................................................................................xvii
4. Priorities for opening green windows..................................................................................................xxii
5. International collaboration for more sustainable production ...............................................................xxiv
I. Green windows of opportunity ........................................................................................................................ 1
A. Green innovation......................................................................................................................................... 5
B. Creating green windows.............................................................................................................................. 6
C. Alert and ready for change .......................................................................................................................... 7
D. Catch-up trajectories .................................................................................................................................. 8
II. Moving fast with frontier technologies.......................................................................................................... 11
A. Technologies in the fast lane...................................................................................................................... 13
1. Creation and extinction of jobs........................................................................................................... 16
2. Knowledge on frontier technologies ................................................................................................... 17
3. Trade expansion ................................................................................................................................ 22
B. The expansion of green frontier technologies ............................................................................................ 23
1. Green hydrogen................................................................................................................................. 26
2. Electric vehicles ................................................................................................................................. 29
C. Ready to act ............................................................................................................................................. 30
III. Growth powered by renewable energy ......................................................................................................... 37
A. Opening green windows in developing countries....................................................................................... 39
1. Solar PV............................................................................................................................................. 39
2. Biofuels.............................................................................................................................................. 42
3. Green hydrogen ................................................................................................................................ 44
B. Green windows of opportunity .................................................................................................................. 47
1. Scenario 1 – Windows open .............................................................................................................. 48
2. Scenario 2 – Windows to be open ..................................................................................................... 49
3. Scenario 3 – Windows within reach.................................................................................................... 50
4. Scenario 4 – Windows in the distance................................................................................................ 51
C. Maturity and tradability of green technologies............................................................................................ 51
1. Technological maturity ....................................................................................................................... 52
2. Tradability .......................................................................................................................................... 53
D. Requirements for opening green windows................................................................................................. 54
1. Identify and switch ............................................................................................................................. 55
2. Assess and sustain sectoral systems ................................................................................................. 58
OPENING GREEN WINDOWS
Technological opportunities for a low-carbon world
viii TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION REPORT 2023
IV. Twin transitions for global value chains – green and digital ........................................................................ 65
A. The greening of GVCs............................................................................................................................... 67
1. Environmental upgrading ................................................................................................................... 67
2. The twin transitions............................................................................................................................ 69
3. Slow diffusion of digital technologies in latecomer countries............................................................... 76
B. Creating a twin transition........................................................................................................................... 78
V. Pathways to more complex and sustainable production............................................................................. 85
A. Identifying greener production ................................................................................................................... 88
B. Paths to greener production ..................................................................................................................... 89
C. Complexity and greenness........................................................................................................................ 95
D. Opportunities for greener production ...................................................................................................... 100
VI. International collaboration for more sustainable production..................................................................... 107
A. Cooperating for green innovation ............................................................................................................ 109
1. A widening North-South divide ........................................................................................................ 109
2. ODA for green innovation ................................................................................................................ 112
3. United Nations support for technology transfer ................................................................................ 119
B. Fostering international cooperation for green innovation ......................................................................... 121
1. Align trade with the Paris Agreement ............................................................................................... 121
2. Reform international protection of IPRs for less technologically advanced countries ........................ 124
3. Partners for green technology ......................................................................................................... 126
4. Multilateral and open innovation ...................................................................................................... 127
5. Assessing technologies.................................................................................................................... 128
6. Regional and South-South STI ........................................................................................................ 129
7. A multilateral challenge fund “Innovations for Our Common Future” ................................................. 130