KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

ENERGY INSIGHTS
1. Executive summary .................................................................................................. 11
Key recommendations .................................................................................................... 14
2. General energy policy .............................................................................................. 15
Introduction..................................................................................................................... 15
Energy supply and demand ............................................................................................ 17
Key institutions and energy players ................................................................................ 20
Energy and climate policy ............................................................................................... 20
Energy prices, taxes and subsidies ................................................................................ 25
Energy poverty................................................................................................................ 28
Assessment .................................................................................................................... 31
Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 34
ENERGY SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION
3. Energy and climate change ..................................................................................... 37
Overview......................................................................................................................... 37
Greenhouse gas emissions profile.................................................................................. 38
Energy-related CO2 emissions and intensities................................................................ 39
Climate governance........................................................................................................ 41
Climate policy and targets............................................................................................... 42
Carbon pricing ................................................................................................................ 46
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage .......................................................................... 49
Hydrogen ........................................................................................................................ 49
Adaptation and resilience to climate change................................................................... 51
Assessment .................................................................................................................... 53
Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 57
4. Energy efficiency ...................................................................................................... 61
Overview......................................................................................................................... 61
Energy demand .............................................................................................................. 61
Energy efficiency policy and targets ............................................................................... 63
Energy efficiency in buildings.......................................................................................... 65
Industrial energy efficiency ............................................................................................. 70
Energy efficiency in transport.......................................................................................... 72
Assessment .................................................................................................................... 76
Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 80
5. Renewable energy .................................................................................................... 83
Overview......................................................................................................................... 83
Renewable energy supply and demand.......................................................................... 84
Renewable energy targets and policies .......................................................................... 85
Renewable electricity generation .................................................................................... 86
Renewables for heating and cooling............................................................................... 93
Renewables in transport ................................................................................................. 95
Assessment .................................................................................................................... 97
Recommendations........................................................................................................ 102
6. Energy research, development and innovation ................................................... 105
Overview....................................................................................................................... 105
Key actors in the energy innovation ecosystem............................................................ 105
Energy research, development and innovation policy................................................... 106
Resource push.............................................................................................................. 107
Knowledge management .............................................................................................. 112
Assessment .................................................................................................................. 115
Recommendations........................................................................................................ 117
ENERGY SECURITY
7. Electricity................................................................................................................. 119
Overview....................................................................................................................... 119
Electricity supply and demand ...................................................................................... 120
Electricity policy ............................................................................................................ 126
Future electricity mix..................................................................................................... 126
Future grid development............................................................................................... 129
System flexibility ........................................................................................................... 131
Market structure and reforms........................................................................................ 134
Electricity emergency response .................................................................................... 141
Assessment .................................................................................................................. 142
Recommendations........................................................................................................ 145
8. Natural gas .............................................................................................................. 149
Overview....................................................................................................................... 149
Gas supply, demand and trade..................................................................................... 150
Infrastructure................................................................................................................. 152
Gas policy ..................................................................................................................... 157
Market structure............................................................................................................ 158
Gas emergency policy .................................................................................................. 160
Assessment .................................................................................................................. 161
Recommendations........................................................................................................ 163
9. Oil............................................................................................................................. 165
Overview....................................................................................................................... 165
Supply and demand...................................................................................................... 166
Oil policy ....................................................................................................................... 170
Market structure............................................................................................................ 170
Infrastructure................................................................................................................. 172
Oil emergency policy and stockholding......................................................................... 174
Assessment .................................................................................................................. 175
Recommendations........................................................................................................ 176