EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 10
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL COST AND INVESTMENT TRENDS FOR RENEWABLES
AND LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES IN THE G20...................................................... 21
1.1 Renewable power generation, battery storage and hydrogen electrolysers .................23
1.2 Investment trends by country for renewable power generation and globally for
battery storage and electrolysers .......................................................................................41
CHAPTER 2
PROJECTED INVESTMENT NEEDS FOR THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION .............. 50
2.1 The energy transition: a 1.5°C pathway ..............................................................................50
2.2 Detailed investment needs for the transition ......................................................................54
CHAPTER 3
LOW-COST FINANCE FOR RENEWABLE POWER:
MAPPING THE COST OF FINANCE FOR SOLAR AND WIND POWER PROJECTS ...... 59
3.1 Cost of capital for solar and wind power projects in 2021 ................................................ 61
CHAPTER 4
ENABLING INNOVATIVE FRAMEWORKS TO ACCELERATE THE DEPLOYMENT
OF NEW AND CRITICAL LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES........................................... 66
4.1. Lessons learnt across all four innovation dimensions for PV technologies ......................68
4.2. Enabling innovation matrix for offshore wind and green hydrogen .................................71
CHAPTER 5
MOBILISING LOW-COST PRIVATE CAPITAL FOR THE ENERGY
TRANSITION IN G20 COUNTRIES ................................................................................ 82
5.1 The role of the private sector in accelerating the energy transition.................................83
5.2 The public sector as strategic catalyst for the energy transition .....................................92
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................. 108
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................113