KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 
 1.1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 1 
 1.2. OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................ 1 
 1.3. SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 2 
 1.4. STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................. 2 

2. GLOBAL ENERGY CONTEXT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ......................................... 3 
 2.1. ENERGY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ................................................. 3 
 2.2. CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS AND CHALLENGES .................................. 5 
 2.3. CLEAN ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ....................... 6 
2.4. INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY ................................................. 9 

3. NEXUS BETWEEN NUCLEAR COGENERATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 11 
 3.1. POTENTIAL FOR PROCESS HEAT BY NUCLEAR ENERGY ........................... 11 
 3.2. POTENTIAL OF DESALINATION USING NUCLEAR ENERGY ...................... 11 
 3.3. POTENTIAL FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY NUCLEAR ENERGY ....... 14 
 3.4. SECTOR COUPLING – NUCLEAR POWER AND COGENERATION DRIVEN DECARBONIZATION OF THE SHIPPING SECTOR ..................... 18 
 3.5. JET FUEL SECTOR DECARBONIZATION .......................................................... 19 
 3.6. OPERATING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS FOR FURTHER DECARBONISATION ..................................... 19 
3.7. ROLE OF THE SMALL MODULAR REACTOR TECHNOLOGY FOR NUCLEAR COGENERATION AND POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ........... 20 

4.  GENERALISED ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATED NUCLEAR COGENERATION PLANTS ............ 24 
 4.1. AIMS OF FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT .......................................................... 25 
 4.2. REPRESENTATIVE SET OF INDICATORS IN THE ASSESSMENT MODEL .. 26 
 4.3. DESCRIPTION OF THE FRAMEWORK AND USE OF SELECTED INDICATORS ..................... 27 
 4.4. APPLICATION OF THE FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 29 

5. CASE STUDIES............................................................................................................... 31 
 5.1. CANADA: NUCLEAR COGENERATION FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION .. 31 
  5.1.1. Hydrogen process research at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories ....................... 31 
  5.1.2. Canadian roadmap for small modular reactors ................................................ 33 
  5.1.3. Research at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories on small modular reactors and hybrid energy systems .................... 33 
 5.2. CHINA: NUCLEAR COGENERATION TO ACHIEVE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ........................ 35 
  5.2.1. China’s policies on energy and carbon reduction ............................................ 35 
  5.2.2. Addressing climate change in China ............................................................... 35 
  5.2.3. Case studies of China National Nuclear Corporation for comprehensive utilization of nuclear energy ...................................... 36 
  5.2.4. Prospects of comprehensive nuclear energy utilization ................................... 41 
 5.3. FINLAND: DISTRICT HEATING REACTOR DEVELOPMENT ......................... 42 
  5.3.1. The energy context in Finland .......................................................................... 42 
  5.3.2. The nuclear option ............................................................................................ 42 
  5.3.3. District heating reactor technology .................................................................. 43 
  5.3.4. The district heating reactor concept ................................................................. 43 
  5.3.5. The national ecosystem .................................................................................... 45 
 5.4. INDIA: ACTIVITIES AND CURRENT STAUS RELATED TO NUCLEAR COGENERATION ................................. 46 
  5.4.1. India’s nuclear power ....................................................................................... 46 
  5.4.2. Nuclear desalination ......................................................................................... 47 
  5.4.3. Nuclear hydrogen ............................................................................................. 48 
 5.5. JAPAN: ROLE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS-COOLED REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES TO ATTAIN CARBON NEUTRALITY ................................... 49 
  5.5.1. Commitment to attain carbon neutrality........................................................... 49 
  5.5.2. Challenges to attain carbon neutrality .............................................................. 49 
  5.5.3. Potential roles of high temperature reactor technologies ................................. 50 
  5.5.4. Deployment of a cogeneration plant ................................................................ 53 
  5.5.5. Distributed carbon neutral hybrid systems based on small modular reactors .. 54 
 5.6. ROMANIA: NUCLEAR COGENERATION - EXISTING EXPERIENCE, THE POTENTIAL AND THE CHALLENGES IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE 
ENERGY MARKET AND CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES ................................. 57 
  5.6.1. Romanian experience in nuclear cogeneration ................................................. 57 
  5.6.2. Market potential for nuclear district heating .................................................... 57 
  5.6.3. Market potential for process heat ..................................................................... 59 
  5.6.4. Nuclear hydrogen deployment perspectives .................................................... 60 
 5.7. RUSSIAN FEDERATION: NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR DECARBONIZATION .. 60 
  5.7.1. Nuclear cogeneration using high temperature gas cooled reactors .................. 60 
  5.7.2. Heat supply using nuclear heat plant ................................................................ 64
  5.7.3. Heat supply of remote coastal regions and isolated territories ......................... 65 
  5.7.4. Use of nuclear energy for ship propulsion ....................................................... 66 
 5.8. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND: COGENERATION TO SUPPORT SIZEWELL C ENERGY HUB ........................ 68 
 5.9. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: GENERAL COGENERATION APPLICATIONS AND PLANS................................................................................ 71 

6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVEMENT IN SUPPORTING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR COGENERATION ............................................ 75 

7. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 77 

APPENDIX 1. NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PROJECTS WORLDWIDE. ............................... 79 

APPENDIX 2. NUCLEAR DESALINATION PROJECTS WORLDWIDE. ........................ 81 

APPENDIX 3. NUCLEAR DISTRICT HEATING PROJECTS WORLDWIDE. ................. 83 

APPENDIX 4. NUCLEAR COGENERATION FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS WORLDWIDE. ................................................................................................ 86 

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 89 

ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. 99 

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW ........................................................... 101