KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Executive summary......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4

Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7

1. Nuclear fuel supply and demand in the EU ..............................................................................................................................................................................8
 1.1. Fuel loaded .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
 1.2. Future requirements ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
 1.3. Supply of natural uranium ....................................................................................................................................................................................................10
 1.4. Special fissile material ............................................................................................................................................................................................................16
 1.5. Inventories .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
 1.6. Future contractual coverage rate .....................................................................................................................................................................................18

2. Security of supply .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
 2.1. Analysis of market trends .....................................................................................................................................................................................................22
 2.2. ESA recommendations on the security of supply ....................................................................................................................................................27

3. Overview of EU developments ......................................................................................................................................................................................................34
 3.1. Euratom ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
  3.1.1. EU nuclear energy in the wider context of EU energy policy and geopolitical challenges .................................................34
  3.1.2. Radioactive-waste management and nuclear decommissioning .....................................................................................................36
  3.1.3. Emergency preparedness and response .........................................................................................................................................................37
  3.1.4. External dimension of nuclear energy policy ...............................................................................................................................................37
  3.1.5. Cooperation with the United Kingdom in the nuclear field (post-BREXIT) ...................................................................................38
  3.1.6. ITER and fusion energy ............................................................................................................................................................................................38
  3.1.7. Euratom safeguards ..................................................................................................................................................................................................38
  3.1.8. European Commission research and innovation programmes ..........................................................................................................39
  3.1.9. Activities of the Joint Research Centre ...........................................................................................................................................................41
 3.2. Country-specific developments ..........................................................................................................................................................................................42
 3.3. Non-power applications of nuclear technology: Supply of medical radioisotopes ...............................................................................52
  3.3.1. Reactor scheduling and monitoring the supply of Mo-99 ....................................................................................................................53
  3.3.2. SAMIRA ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
  3.3.3. Studies and research .................................................................................................................................................................................................54
  3.3.4. Projects on the non-power applications of nuclear technology ........................................................................................................56

4. World market for nuclear fuels in 2023 ..................................................................................................................................................................................60
 4.1. Primary uranium supply .........................................................................................................................................................................................................61
 4.2. Secondary sources ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................63
 4.3. Conversion .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................63
 4.4. Enrichment ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
 4.5. Fuel fabrication ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
 4.6. Reprocessing and recycling ..................................................................................................................................................................................................67
 4.7. Storage and repository of nuclear spent fuel ............................................................................................................................................................67

5. Key achievements ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
 5.1. Mission and governance ........................................................................................................................................................................................................69
 5.2. Principal activities ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
  5.2.1. Contract management  ............................................................................................................................................................................................70
  5.2.2. Security and diversification of the nuclear fuel supply chain  ...........................................................................................................71
  5.2.3. Market monitoring and analysis  ........................................................................................................................................................................72
  5.2.4. Supply of medical radioisotopes .........................................................................................................................................................................74
  5.2.5. Cooperation with stakeholders and partners  .............................................................................................................................................76

6. Management ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
 6.1. Budgetary and financial management  .........................................................................................................................................................................78
 6.2. Human resources .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................80
 6.3. Information management and communication ........................................................................................................................................................80
 6.4. Audit and discharge ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
 6.5. Internal control and assurance ..........................................................................................................................................................................................82
 6.6. Improving effectiveness and efficiency  ........................................................................................................................................................................82

Contact information ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84

Annexes ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
 Annex 1 EU-27 gross and net requirements (quantities in tU and tSW) ................................................................................................................................85
 Annex 2 Fuel loaded into EU-28 reactors and deliveries of fresh fuel under purchasing contracts ......................................................................86
 Annex 3 ESA average prices for natural uranium ................................................................................................................................................................................88
 Annex 4 Purchases of natural uranium by EU utilities, by origin, 2014-2023 (tU) ..........................................................................................................90
 Annex 5 Use of plutonium in MOX in the EU-28 and estimated natural uranium and separative work savings ............................................91
 Annex 6 EU nuclear utilities that contributed to this report ...........................................................................................................................................................92
 Annex 7 Uranium suppliers to EU utilities ................................................................................................................................................................................................93
 Annex 8 Calculation method for ESA’s average U₃O₈ prices ..........................................................................................................................................................94
 Annex 9 ECA audit report 2022 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
 Annex 10 Declaration of assurance .............................................................................................................................................................................................................102
 Annex 11 Work Programme 2024 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................105

List of tables ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108

List of figures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108