KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 

Foreword on the Clean Energy Technology Observatory ............................................................................................................................................. 4 

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 

Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 

1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 
 1.1 Scope and context ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 
 1.2 Methodology and Data Sources ................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 

2 Technology status and development trends ................................................................................................................................................................ 12 
 2.1 Technology readiness level ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 
  2.1.1 Biochemical processing .................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 
   2.1.1.1 Anaerobic digestion and biogas upgrading ..................................................................................................................... 12 
  2.1.2 Thermochemical processing ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14 
   2.1.2.1 Biomass combustion ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14 
   2.1.2.2 Pyrolysis ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 
   2.1.2.3 Hydrothermal processing .................................................................................................................................................................. 16 
   2.1.2.4 Biomass gasification ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17 
  2.1.3 Intermediate bioenergy carriers............................................................................................................................................................... 18 
   2.1.3.1 Biomass Pre-treatment ...................................................................................................................................................................... 18 
   2.1.3.2 Biogas upgrading to biomethane .............................................................................................................................................. 21 
   2.1.3.3 Syngas upgrade to synthetic natural gas ......................................................................................................................... 22 
 2.2 Production and Installed Capacity ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22 
 2.3 Technology Costs ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 
 2.4 Public RD&D Funding and Investment ................................................................................................................................................................. 44 
 2.5 Private RD&I Funding............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46 
 2.6 Patenting trends ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 48 
 2.7 Scientific publication trends ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 

3 Value Chain Analysis........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61 
 3.1 Turnover ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 61 
 3.2 Gross value added ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 
 3.3 Environmental and socio-economic sustainability ................................................................................................................................... 64 
 3.4 Role of Companies in the EU ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 
 3.5 Employment .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 68 
 3.6 Energy intensity and labour productivity ........................................................................................................................................................... 71 
 3.7 EU Value Production Data ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 71 

4 EU Market Position and Global Competitiveness ..................................................................................................................................................... 73 
 4.1 Global & EU market leaders .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 
 4.2 Trade (Import/export) and trade balance .......................................................................................................................................................... 73 
 4.3 Resource efficiency and dependency in relation to EU competitiveness ............................................................................ 76 

5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 78 

References ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 79 

List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 

List of figures ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 

List of tables ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 88 

Annexes .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89 
 Annex 1 Summary Table for the CETO Indicators ........................................................................................................................................................... 90 
 Annex 2 Sustainability Assessment Framework ............................................................................................................................................................... 91 
 Annex 3 Energy System Models and Scenarios: POTEnCIA and POLES-JRC ....................................................................................... 107