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Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... iii 

Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... ii 

Executive Summary and Summary of Recommendations .................................................................... iii 
 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................... iii 
 Challenge .................................................................................................................................................. iii 
 Approach ................................................................................................................................................... iii 
 Contents of a Study ................................................................................................................................... v 
 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................vi 
 The Future ............................................................................................................................................... xvi 

1 Introduction: What to Study .............................................................................................................. 1 
 1.1 What to Study: Overview of Wind/PV Integration Issues............................................................. 2 
  1.1.1 Operational impacts: balancing and flexibility ......................................................................... 4 
  1.1.2 Adequacy of Power Generation and the Network ................................................................... 4 
  1.1.3 Dynamics: Stability of the Grid ................................................................................................ 5 
 1.2 Elements of a Wind/PV Integration Study.................................................................................... 5 
 1.3 Phases of Wind/PV Integration .................................................................................................... 6 
 1.4 Enablers for Wind/PV Integration ................................................................................................ 9 
 References .............................................................................................................................................. 11 

2 Input Data .......................................................................................................................................... 13 
 2.1 Wind and Solar PV Data ............................................................................................................ 14 
  2.1.1 Generation Time Series ......................................................................................................... 15 
  2.1.2 Forecast Time Series............................................................................................................. 24 
  2.1.3 Wind and Solar Power Plant Capabilities .............................................................................. 29 
 2.2 Power Plant Data – For other power plants than wind/PV ........................................................ 32 
 2.3 Load Data ................................................................................................................................... 33 
 2.4 Storage, Demand Flexibility, and Energy System Coupling ...................................................... 35 
 2.5 Grid Data .................................................................................................................................... 37 
  2.5.1 Transmission Grid and Interconnection Data ........................................................................ 37 
  2.5.2 Distribution Grid Data ............................................................................................................ 39 
 2.6 Checklist of Recommendations for Input Data .......................................................................... 40 
 References .............................................................................................................................................. 42 

3 Power and Energy System Scenarios ............................................................................................ 51 
 3.1 Current and Future Power and Energy System Scenarios by Assumptions ............................. 53 
 3.2 Optimising a Future Scenario by Capacity Expansion Tool ...................................................... 55 
 3.3 Operational Practices and Markets ............................................................................................ 58 
 3.4 Conclusions and Checklist: Scenarios ....................................................................................... 60 
 References .............................................................................................................................................. 61 

4 Resource and Grid Adequacy ......................................................................................................... 64 
 4.1 Resource Adequacy ................................................................................................................... 64 
  4.1.1 Resource Adequacy Metrics .................................................................................................. 65 
  4.1.2 Resource adequacy assessment methods ........................................................................... 67 
  4.1.3 Assessing Capacity Value of Wind and Solar Generation .................................................... 72 
  4.1.4 Checklist: Resource Adequacy Estimates ............................................................................. 74 
 4.2 Network Adequacy: Transmission Grid ..................................................................................... 75 
  4.2.1 Study Case Definition for Steady-State Analysis .................................................................. 76 
  4.2.2 Power Flow Calculation ......................................................................................................... 78 
  4.2.3 Steady-State Contingency Analysis ...................................................................................... 78 
  4.2.4 Weak Grids - Short Circuit Level Calculation ........................................................................ 78 
  4.2.5 Harmonic Issues and Modelling ............................................................................................ 79 
  4.2.6 Modelling Distribution-Connected Wind/PV .......................................................................... 80 
  4.2.7 HVDC Grids ........................................................................................................................... 81 
  4.2.8 Offshore Network Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 81 
  4.2.9 Grid-Enhancing Technologies ............................................................................................... 82 
  4.2.10 Options To Improve Transmission Network Adequacy ..................................................... 84 
  4.2.11 Checklist: Transmission Network Steady-State Analyses ................................................ 85 
 4.3 Network Adequacy: Distribution Grids ....................................................................................... 86 
  4.3.1 Hosting Capacity Analysis ..................................................................................................... 87 
  4.3.2 Contingency, Congestion Management, and Distribution Network Reinforcement .............. 88 
  4.3.3 Voltage Variability Analysis and Test of Control Algorithms ................................................. 90 
  4.3.4 Flexibility Assessment of Distributed Energy Resources and TSO/DSO Interaction ........... 91 
  4.3.5 Analysing Grid Losses ........................................................................................................... 92 
  4.3.6 Development of Dynamic Distribution Grid Representations ................................................ 93 
  4.3.7 Checklist: Distribution Grid Studies ....................................................................................... 94 
 References .............................................................................................................................................. 94 

5 Operational impacts ....................................................................................................................... 103 
 5.1 Production Cost Simulations .................................................................................................... 104 
  5.1.1 What Should a Production Cost Simulation Include? .......................................................... 104 
  5.1.2 Production Cost Simulation Methodology ........................................................................... 105 
  5.1.3 Wind and Solar PV Modelling .............................................................................................. 107 
  5.1.4 Thermal Power Plant Modelling........................................................................................... 107 
  5.1.5 Hydro Power Modelling ....................................................................................................... 108 
  5.1.6 Electrical Storage Modelling ................................................................................................ 109 
  5.1.7 Demand Modelling ............................................................................................................... 110 
  5.1.8 Network modelling ............................................................................................................... 111 
  5.1.9 Changes to Operational Practices/Market Paradigm .......................................................... 112 
 5.2 Operating Reserve Requirements ........................................................................................... 115 
 5.3 Flexibility Assessment .............................................................................................................. 118 
 5.4 Recommendations for Studying Operational Impacts ............................................................. 119 
 References ............................................................................................................................................ 121 

6 Dynamics ......................................................................................................................................... 126 
 6.1 Stability Definitions ................................................................................................................... 127 
 6.2 Simulation Tools and Models to Capture Inverter-based Resources ...................................... 128 
  6.2.1 RMS Tools and Models ....................................................................................................... 129 
  6.2.2 Electromagnetic Transient Tools and Models ..................................................................... 129 
  6.2.3 Models for Inverter-Based Generators, Loads, and High Voltage Direct Current............... 130 
  6.2.4 Models for Short Circuit Analysis......................................................................................... 135 
  6.2.5 Inclusion of Protection Systems .......................................................................................... 135 
 6.3 Stability Analyses for Systems with High Shares of Inverter-based Resources ..................... 136 
  6.3.1 Types of Stability Studies .................................................................................................... 136 
  6.3.2 Assessment Criteria............................................................................................................. 140 
  6.3.3 Mitigation Measures............................................................................................................. 140 
 6.4 Black Start and System Restoration ........................................................................................ 140 
 6.5 Checklist: Network Simulations for Dynamics ......................................................................... 141 
 References ............................................................................................................................................ 143 

7 Analysing and Presenting the Results ......................................................................................... 148 
 7.1 Comparison of Costs and Benefits .......................................................................................... 149 
 7.2 Impacts on Adequacy .............................................................................................................. 151 
  7.2.1 Security of supply ................................................................................................................ 151 
  7.2.2 Network Adequacy, Congestions and Reinforcement Need ............................................... 151 
 7.3 Operational Impacts: Balancing, Ramping, Flexibility and Curtailments ................................. 152 
 7.4 Impacts on Dynamics ............................................................................................................... 154 
 7.5 Main Differences Between Wind and PV in Integration Studies.............................................. 154 
 7.6 How to Present the Results ..................................................................................................... 155 
 7.7 Checklist for Study Limitations Arising from Assumptions....................................................... 156 
 7.8 Checklist: Analysing and Presenting Results .......................................................................... 161 
 References ............................................................................................................................................ 161 

8 Conclusions and Future Work ...................................................................................................... 164