KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Abstract  4 

Acknowledgements .. 5 

Executive summary .. 6 

1 Introduction  9 
 1.1 Scope of the report  9 
 1.2 Structure of the report  10 
 1.3 Methodology and data sources . 11 

2 Background .... 13 
 2.1 Definitions and acronyms ... 13 
 2.2 Heavy-duty transport facts and figures .... 15 
 2.3 European policy overview ... 16 
  2.3.1 Climate and transport policy and regulation. 16 
  2.3.2 Research and innovation policy ... 17 
  2.3.3 Heavy-duty research and innovation priorities in the European Partnership Strategic Agendas .... 20 
   2.3.3.1 Towards zero emission road transport .. 20 
   2.3.3.2 European partnership for batteries  20 
   2.3.3.3 Clean hydrogen . 21 
   2.3.3.4 Synergies between the partnerships .. 21 
  2.3.4 Joint Research Centre activity on zero emission heavy-duty vehicles ... 22 
  2.3.5 Engagement, collaboration, and policy support .... 23 
  2.3.6 Funding for infrastructure deployment and support to European industry ... 23 

3 Technology literature review .. 25 
 3.1 Technology options .. 25 
  3.1.1 Vehicle, on-board energy, and powertrain technology options to meet regulation and climate targets .... 25 
  3.1.2 Charging and refuelling options .. 26 
 3.2 Requirements and challenges .... 27 
  3.2.1 Battery electric heavy-duty transport  28 
  3.2.2 Hydrogen fuel cell electric heavy-duty transport . 30 
  3.2.3 Techno-economic challenges ... 32
 3.3 Research and innovation levers and topics .. 32 
  3.3.1 Vehicle and powertrain components .. 33 
  3.3.2 Battery chemistries and manufacturing  33 
  3.3.3 Fuel cell materials and design, and operational optimisation  34 
  3.3.4 Charging optimisation and grid integration ... 34 
  3.3.5 Alternative technologies .. 35 

4 EU research and innovation quantitative trends .. 36 
 4.1 Project funding source  36 
 4.2 Mapping calls for projects with technology development areas .... 37 
 4.3 Mapping of participant organisations .... 40 

5 EU technology research and innovation  43 
 5.1 Hybrid and energy efficient heavy-duty vehicles  43 
  5.1.1 Overview  43 
  5.1.2 Project reviews .. 44 
 5.2 Operational efficiency, logistics and automation  46 
  5.2.1 Overview  46 
  5.2.2 Project reviews .. 47 
 5.3 Zero-emission powertrain components. 49 
  5.3.1 High efficiency electric powertrains .... 49 
   5.3.1.1 Overview  49 
   5.3.1.2 Project reviews .. 51 
  5.3.2 Battery technology and management systems .... 52 
   5.3.2.1 Overview  52 
   5.3.2.2 Project reviews .. 54 
  5.3.3 Hydrogen fuel-cell systems  57 
   5.3.3.1 Overview  57 
   5.3.3.2 Project reviews .. 59 
 5.4 Charging and Refuelling Infrastructure . 61 
  5.4.1 Charging infrastructure .... 61 
   5.4.1.1 Overview  61 
   5.4.1.2 Project reviews .. 63 
  5.4.2 Hydrogen refuelling infrastructure . 65 
   5.4.2.1 Overview  65 
   5.4.2.2 Project reviews .. 66 
 5.5 Vehicle integration and deployment .. 69 
  5.5.1 Overview  69 
  5.5.2 Project reviews .. 70 

6 Social, environmental and techno-economic aspects . 75 
 6.1 Business case for transport operators .. 76 
 6.2 EU industrial capacity and competitiveness . 78 
 6.3 Environmental considerations .... 79 
  6.3.1 Life Cycle Analysis .... 79 
  6.3.2 Raw materials, recycling, second life, and circular economy ... 80 
 6.4 Safety considerations and risk management ... 80 
 6.5 Workforce impacts ... 81 
 6.6 Deployment and regional infrastructure ... 82 

7 Conclusions .... 83 
 7.1 Summary ... 83 
 7.2 Discussion and outlook .... 85 

References . 88 

List of abbreviations and definitions .. 98 

List of figures ... 100 

List of tables  101 

Annexes .... 102 
 Annex 1. Funding schemes and expected technology readiness  102