KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 

Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21 
 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 
 1.2. Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 
 1.3. Reading guide ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 

2. Renewable and low-carbon gases in BEMIP Member States .............................................................. 23 
 2.1. Current role of natural gas in the BEMIP region ......................................................................................................... 24 
 2.2. Hydrogen in the BEMIP region .............................................................................................................................................. 27 
 2.3. Biomethane in the BEMIP region ........................................................................................................................................ 37 

3. Policies, measures and infrastructure plans in the BEMIP region ................................................... 48 
 3.1. Key benefits and potential negative impacts of a fuel switch from fossil gas to renewable and low-carbon gases .............. 50 
 3.2. Supply and demand policies and measures .................................................................................................................. 51 
 3.3. Network infrastructure-related policies and measures ......................................................................................... 57 

4. Infrastructure readiness and challenges for renewable and low-carbon gas integration ....... 73 
 4.1. Overview of the current natural gas system in the BEMIP region ................................................................. 73 
 4.2. Challenges of transitioning the current BEMIP natural gas infrastructures to accommodate renewable and low-carbon gases ..... 73 
 4.3. Supporting the developing hydrogen corridor between Sweden/Finland onshore and offshore via the Baltic countries and Poland to Germany ...... 76 

5. Assessment of the infrastructure development and adaptation needs ..................................... 80 
 5.1. Cost-effective methods for hydrogen transportation and storage ................................................................ 80 
 5.2. Infrastructure needs in the mid- and long-term perspective ........................................................................... 82 
 5.3. Infrastructure priorities for the higher uptake of renewable and low-carbon gases for the BEMIP region ....... 107 

6. Conclusions and recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 111 
 6.1. Role of methane gases and hydrogen infrastructure and potential energy system interlinkages and synergies ............... 111 
 6.2. Regional infrastructure challenges for the integration of renewable and low-carbon gases ... 114 
 6.3. Recommendations to address regional infrastructure challenges ............................................................. 118 

7. Annex A – Country fiches for renewable and low-carbon gases supply, demand and related infrastructure ........... 125 
 7.1. Country fiches – hydrogen supply and demand projections ............................................................................ 125 
 7.2. Key data sources for hydrogen production and demand................................................................................... 141 
 7.3. Country fiches – biomethane production projections .......................................................................................... 141 
 7.4. Key data sources for biomethane production and demand ............................................................................ 157 

8. Annex B - Benefits of and policies for the integration of biomethane and hydrogen in the BEMIP region .................... 159 
 8.1. Benefits from use of renewable and low carbon gases ........................................................................................ 159 
 8.2. Energy system integration in the BEMIP region ..................................................................................................... 168 
 
9. Annex C - Challenges of transitioning the current BEMIP natural gas infrastructures .. 172 
 9.1. Overview of the current natural gas system in the BEMIP region ................................................................ 172 
 9.2. Perspective of future cross-border flows in the BEMIP region ...................................................................... 178 
 9.3. Country fiches – gas infrastructure .................................................................................................................................... 190 
 9.4. Hydrogen infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................................ 195 
 9.5. Bottlenecks for the integration of biomethane into the current natural gas infrastructures .. 210 
 9.6. Readiness of end-users for low-carbon gases ........................................................................................................... 227 

10. Annex D – Stakeholder engagement ............................................................................................................... 230 

11. Annex E - Modelling assumptions ......................................................................................................................... 231