KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 4 

List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 5 

Executive summary ........................................................................................................... 6 

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 9 

2 Underlying Rationale .............................................................................................. 10 

3 Diffusion of Innovation, Mass Market and Customer Segments ............................. 11 
 3.1 Diffusion of Innovation: Customer Segments and Target-Oriented Marketing ..... 11 
 3.2 The Process of Accepting a Novelty ........................................................... 12 
 3.3 Entering the Mass Market by Crossing the Chasm ..................................... 13 
 3.4 Customer Benefit is Fundamental for Success or Failure ........................... 14 
 
4 Solar Cars, Planes and Boats: A Historical Perspective ......................................... 16 
 4.1 IR Solar Car 1960 ....................................................................................... 16 
 4.2 Solar Car Pioneer Alan T. Freeman (UK) – 1977-1983 ............................... 16 
 4.3 Swiss Radio Pioneer Matthias Lauterburg 1982 ......................................... 17 
 4.4 Solar Bikes SOFA I-III ................................................................................. 18 
 4.5 Model Airplanes and Solar Powered Planes ............................................... 19 
 4.6 Solar Powered Planes from Paul McCready (Aeronvironment/ USA) .......... 20 

5 Solar Car Races ..................................................................................................... 22 
 5.1 First pioneer’s crossing Australia and the USA with solar cars .................... 22 
 5.2 Tour de Sol 1985 solar car race in Switzerland ........................................... 22 
 5.3 Tour de Sol Switzerland - races 1986-1992 / European Alpine Solarcar Championship 1988-1992 / Tour de Sol Alpine 1990-1993 .... 24 
 5.4 Swiss Solarsalon 1986-1998 and technical conferences «Solarcar in everyday use.... 25 
 5.5. World Solar Challenge in Australia and GM/DoE Sunrayces USA …………….24 
 5.6. GM / DOE Sunrayces in the USA ............................................................... 26 
 5.7. Prices and Components of the VIPVs in the 1980ies and the 1990ies ........ 26 
 5.8. Conclusions on Solar Cars / Light-weight Electric Vehicles (1980ies+1990ies) ...... 28 
 5.9. Lessons Learned for PV in Transport ......................................................... 29 

6. Tour de Sol Switzerland and Success Stories on Market Entry .............................. 30 
 6.1. Success story 1: Fast-speed e-bikes .......................................................... 30 
 6.2. Success story 2: Decentralized PV installations .......................................... 31 
 6.3. Success story 3: The first EV in Norway ..................................................... 32 
 6.4. Success story 4: Sinclair C5 (UK) ............................................................... 32 
 6.5. Success story 5: Mini-el from Denmark....................................................... 33 
 6.6. Success story 6: TWIKE 3-wheeler / 2-seater from Switzerland ................. 34 
 6.7. Success story 7: Kyburz postal service LEVs ............................................. 35 
 6.8. Success story 8: Tour de Sol 86 winner Migros electric vehicle MEV1 ....... 36 
 6.9. Conclusions on Success Stories ................................................................. 36 

7. A short history of EVs as base for VIPVs ............................................................... 38 
 7.1. Limited market success and niche markets for EVs in the 19th and early 20th century .... 38 
 7.2. EV renaissance after 1970 – ZEV in California – international collaboration and European fleet tests .... 39 
 7.3. Developments from 2000-2010 and EV breakthrough after 2010................ 40 

8. A short history of PV as base for VIPVs ................................................................. 42 
 8.1. Where is the VIPV? .................................................................................... 42 
 8.2. PV - a very short summary ......................................................................... 42 
 8.3. The two ingredients for VIPV are both in the mass market ......................... 42 
 8.4. Customer advantage can be reached in different ways ............................... 42 
 8.5. Differentiation for the VIPV is more challenging .......................................... 43 

9. Energy production and savings of VIPV’s............................................................... 44 
 9.1. Energy yield of a VIPV ................................................................................ 44 
 9.2. Energy yield and range of a VIPV ............................................................... 45 
 9.3. VIPV chances for regions with less infrastructure and more insolation ....... 45 
 9.4. Current VIPV models .................................................................................. 46 
 9.5. Light electric vehicles with a potential for conversion to a VIPV .................. 49 
 9.6. Others ........................................................................................................ 49 

10 Niche VIPV markets with potential ................................................................................ 51 
 10.1 Recreational vehicles with PV (RVs) .............................................................. 51 
 10.3 Boats with PV ................................................................................................. 51 
 10.4 Solar-powered planes - mainly gliders ............................................................ 52 
 
11 PV on transport infrastructure ................................................................................ 55 
 11.1 History of solar carports and PV on transport infrastructure ........................ 55 
 11.2 Future of solar carports and PV on transport infrastructure ......................... 56 
 11.3 Synergies of VIPV and PVSC? ................................................................... 56
 11.4 Bi-directional EVs offer unique opportunities for PV & EV ........................... 56 
 
12 Outlook & perspectives .......................................................................................... 57 
 12.1 VIPV from a customer perspective still exists.............................................. 57 
 12.2 VIPVs can have different shapes and “appearances” ................................. 57 
 12.3 VIPVs as a “UPS in motion” ........................................................................ 57 
 12.4 Perspectives ............................................................................................... 58 

13. References .....................................................................................................55