KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 

Foreword on the Clean Energy Technology Observatory ............................................................................................... 5 

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 

Executive summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 
 1.1. Scope and context ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 
 1.2. Methodology and data sources ................................................................................................................................ 10 

2. Technology status and development trends ............................................................................................................... 12 
 2.1. Technology overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 
 2.2. Technology readiness level ......................................................................................................................................... 14 
 2.3. Installed energy capacity and production/generation .................................................................................. 15 
  2.3.1. Current and projected European electrolysis capacity .................................................................. 16 
   2.3.1.1. Deployment at the level of the European Union .................................................................... 16 
   2.3.1.2. Deployment at the level of EU member states ...................................................................... 17 
   2.3.1.3. Largest projects currently in operation or under construction in the EU .................. 18 
   2.3.1.4. Future of large-scale projects in Europe ..................................................................................... 19 
  2.3.2. Electrolysis capacity deployed at global level .................................................................................... 20 
  2.3.3. Hydrogen demand in the European Union ............................................................................................ 22 
 2.4. Technology costs............................................................................................................................................................... 24 
  2.4.1. Capital Expenditure for electrolyser projects ...................................................................................... 24 
   2.4.1.1. Cost of electrolyser stacks .................................................................................................................. 24 
   2.4.1.2. Cost of electrolyser systems ............................................................................................................. 24 
   2.4.1.3. Cost envelope of deploying electrolyser projects .................................................................. 24 
  2.4.2. Cost of renewable hydrogen ........................................................................................................................ 26 
   2.4.2.1. Cost at system level ............................................................................................................................... 26 
   2.4.2.2. Cost at plant level .................................................................................................................................... 28 
 2.5. Public RD&I funding ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 
  2.5.1. Public RD&I funding at global level .......................................................................................................... 28 
  2.5.2. Public RD&I funding at European level .................................................................................................. 30 
  2.5.3. Member State public funding ...................................................................................................................... 32 
   2.5.3.1. Recovery and Resilience Facility ...................................................................................................... 32 
   2.5.3.2. Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) ............................................... 32 
 2.6. Private RD&I funding ...................................................................................................................................................... 33 
  2.6.1. Venture capital and early and later-stage investments ............................................................... 34 
 2.7. Patenting trends ................................................................................................................................................................ 36 
 2.8. Scientific publication trends ....................................................................................................................................... 37 
 2.9. Assessment of R&I project developments ......................................................................................................... 38 

3. Value chain analysis .................................................................................................................................................................. 39 
 3.1. Turnover and Gross Value Added ............................................................................................................................ 39 
 3.2. Environmental and socio-economic sustainability ........................................................................................ 39 
  3.2.1. Greenhouse gas emission intensity of water electrolysis and global warming impact of hydrogen .................... 39 
  3.2.2. Impact of large-scale water electrolysis on water resources ................................................... 40 
  3.2.3. Social impact and sustainability of the supply of raw materials ............................................ 41 
 3.3. Role of EU companies .................................................................................................................................................... 41 
 3.4. Employment ......................................................................................................................................................................... 41 
 3.5. Energy intensity and labour productivity ............................................................................................................ 42 
 3.6. EU production data .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 

4. EU market position and global competitiveness ....................................................................................................... 45 
 4.1. Global markets and growth prospects.................................................................................................................. 45 
  4.1.1. Current EU positioning in the global market ....................................................................................... 45 
   4.1.1.1. Policy context .............................................................................................................................................. 48 
  4.1.2. Market prospects ................................................................................................................................................ 49 
 4.2. Trade (Import/export) and trade balance ............................................................................................................ 51 
 4.3. Status of net zero technology systems and components in the EU .................................................... 53 
  4.3.1. Relevant final products and primarily used components ............................................................ 53 
  4.3.2. EU Manufacturing Benchmark ..................................................................................................................... 55 
  4.3.3. EU share in Global Manufacturing Benchmark .................................................................................. 56 
 4.4. Resource efficiency and dependence in relation to EU competitiveness .......................................... 57 

5. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 

References ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 61 

List of abbreviations and definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 68 

List of figures ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 

List of tables ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 

Annexes ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 
 Annex 1 Sustainability assessment framework ............................................................................................................... 74 
 Annex 2 Geographical classification ....................................................................................................................................... 77 
 Annex 3 Energy System Models and Scenarios: POTEnCIA and POLES-JRC .................................................... 78 
  Annex 3.1 The POTEnCIA model ......................................................................................................................................... 78 
   Annex 3.1.2 POTEnCIA CETO 2025 Scenario ............................................................................................................... 79 
  Annex 3.2 POLES-JRC model ................................................................................................................................................ 80 
   AN 3.2.1 Model Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 80 
   AN 3.2.2 POLES-JRC Model description ................................................................................................................... 81 
   AN 3.2.3 Global CETO 2°C Scenario 2025 ............................................................................................................. 83 
  Annex 3.3 Distinctions for the CETO 2025 Scenarios - POLES-JRC vs. POTEnCIA ................................. 84