KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 

Foreword on the Clean Energy Technology Observatory ............................................................................................... 5 

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 

Executive summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 
 1.1 Scope and context .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 
 1.1. Methodology and data sources ................................................................................................................................ 10 

2. Technology status and development trends ............................................................................................................... 11 
 2.1. Long term operation ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 
 2.2. Power Plants – Generation III+ ................................................................................................................................. 14 
  2.2.1. Status of ongoing new-build projects in Europe: .............................................................................. 15 
   2.2.1.1. Bulgaria: ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 
   2.2.1.2. Czech Republic ........................................................................................................................................... 15 
   2.2.1.3. Hungary.......................................................................................................................................................... 15 
   2.2.1.4. Poland ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 
   2.2.1.5. Romania ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 
   2.2.1.6. Sweden ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 
   2.2.1.7. The Netherlands ........................................................................................................................................ 17 
  2.2.2. Construction costs .............................................................................................................................................. 18 
 2.3. Small modular reactors................................................................................................................................................. 20 
  2.3.1. History and Context ........................................................................................................................................... 20 
  2.3.2. Status of commercial SMR’s worldwide ................................................................................................ 22 
   2.3.2.1. SMR in operation ....................................................................................................................................... 22 
    2.3.2.1.1. Russian Federation: ....................................................................................................................... 22 
    2.3.2.1.2. China: .................................................................................................................................................... 22 
   2.3.2.2. SMRs in the Construction Phase ...................................................................................................... 23 
    2.3.2.2.1. Argentina ............................................................................................................................................ 23 
    2.3.2.2.2. Canada ................................................................................................................................................. 23 
    2.3.2.2.3. China: .................................................................................................................................................... 23 
    2.3.2.2.4. Russian Federation: ....................................................................................................................... 23
    2.3.2.2.5. United States of America: ......................................................................................................... 23 
  2.3.3. Projects in the European Industrial Alliance on SMR ...................................................................... 24 
   2.3.3.1. CityHeat Project ......................................................................................................................................... 25 
   2.3.3.2. Nuward ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 
   2.3.3.3. NuScale VOYGR™ SMR ........................................................................................................................... 27 
   2.3.3.4. Project Quantum ....................................................................................................................................... 27 
   2.3.3.5. Rolls-Royce SMR........................................................................................................................................ 28 
   2.3.3.6. European BWRX-300 SMR  ................................................................................................................. 28 
   2.3.3.7. EAGLES ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 
   2.3.3.8. European LFR AS Project ...................................................................................................................... 29 
   2.3.3.9. Thorizon One Project .............................................................................................................................. 30 
 2.4. Technology readiness level ......................................................................................................................................... 30 
 2.5. Installed energy capacity and production/generation .................................................................................. 31 
 2.6. Technology costs............................................................................................................................................................... 32 
  2.6.1. Levelised cost of electricity .......................................................................................................................... 33 
  2.6.2. System costs ......................................................................................................................................................... 35 
  2.6.3. External costs ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 
 2.7. Public RD&I funding ........................................................................................................................................................ 37 
 2.8. Private RD&I funding ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 
  2.8.1. Venture capital and early and later-stage investments ............................................................... 41 
 2.9. Patenting trends ................................................................................................................................................................ 43 
 2.10. Assessment of R&I project developments ............................................................................................... 44 

3. Value chain analysis .................................................................................................................................................................. 46 
 3.1. Nuclear Fuel ......................................................................................................................................................................... 46 
  3.1.1. Uranium Mining and Supply .......................................................................................................................... 46 
  3.1.2. Conversion .............................................................................................................................................................. 47 
  3.1.3. Enrichment.............................................................................................................................................................. 48 
  3.1.4. Fuel Element production ................................................................................................................................. 50 
  3.1.5. Nuclear Technology ........................................................................................................................................... 51 
   3.1.5.1. Nuclear Island ............................................................................................................................................ 52 
   3.1.5.2. Turbine Island and Balance of Plant ............................................................................................. 53
  3.1.6. Nuclear Services .................................................................................................................................................. 54 
  3.1.7. Licensing Capabilities ....................................................................................................................................... 54 
  3.1.8. Waste management .......................................................................................................................................... 55 
 3.2. Turnover and Gross Value Added ............................................................................................................................ 56 
 3.3. Environmental and socio-economic sustainability ........................................................................................ 57 
 3.4. Role of EU companies .................................................................................................................................................... 58 
 3.5. Employment ......................................................................................................................................................................... 59 
 3.6. EU production data .......................................................................................................................................................... 61 

4. EU market position and global competitiveness ....................................................................................................... 62 
 4.1. Global markets and growth prospects.................................................................................................................. 62 
  4.1.1. Current EU positioning in the global market ....................................................................................... 62 
  4.1.2. Market prospects ................................................................................................................................................ 64 
 4.2. Trade (Import/export) and trade balance ............................................................................................................ 66 
 4.3. Resource efficiency and dependence in relation to EU competitiveness .......................................... 73 

5. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 
 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 76 

List of abbreviations and definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 88 

List of figures ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 

List of tables ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 

Annex 1:  Small Modular Reactors (LW-SMRs and AMRs) European projects Co-funded by the Euratom Research and Training Programme ... 93 

Annex 2: Energy System Model and Scenario: .................................................................................................................. 97