KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

1.  Introduction 1
 1.1.  A Brief Overview of Critical Minerals in the United States 2
 1.2.  Geopolitics 3
 1.3.  Beyond Geopolitics: What Is Needed to Support the Domestic Supply Chain? 3
 1.4.  Evolution of Policy: Onshoring Objectives and Industrial Policy 4

2.  Market and Economic Challenges 6
 2.1.  Upstream Pricing and Profitability 6
  2.1.1.  Lithium 6
  2.1.2.  Nickel 11
  2.1.3.  Graphite 13
  2.1.4.  Rare Earth Elements 13
 2.2.  Midstream Gaps and Demand Uncertainty 16
  2.2.1.  Midstream Gaps 16
  2.2.2.  Demand Uncertainty 16

3.  Technical and Infrastructure Challenges 17
 3.1.  Workforce and Expertise 17
 3.2.  Alternative Sourcing 19

4.  Timeline Challenges and Need for Community Buy-In 20
 4.1.  Permitting and Project Development 20
 4.2.  Lack of Effective and Equitable Community Engagement 22

5.  Policy Landscape and Insights 23
 5.1.  New and Emerging Policy Tools 23
  5.1.1.  Tariffs 23
  5.1.2.  Public Investments in Private Enterprise 24
  5.1.3.  Multilateral Agreements 25
  5.1.4.  Stockpiling: Minimal Improvement in Demand Uncertainty 26
  5.1.5.  Permitting Reform 27
  5.1.6.  Summarizing Expert Responses to Policy Interventions 28
 5.2.  Prioritizing Investment 29
  5.2.1.  Investing in Alternative Technologies 29
  5.2.2.  Investing with an Eye Toward Aligning Timelines Appropriately 30
  5.2.3.  Investing Strategically Along the Supply Chain 30
  5.2.4.  Investing in Technical Know-How and Federal Capacity 32

6.  Economic Research Gaps 33

7.  Conclusion and Discussion 35

References 37

Appendix  47

Appendix Bibliography 50