KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Executive summary .................................................................................................................. 9 

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 16 

Chapter 1. Key questions about hydrogen .......................................................................... 18 

Chapter 2. Hydrogen demand ............................................................................................... 42 
 Overview .................................................................................................................................. 44 
 Refining and biofuels ................................................................................................................ 50 
 Industry ..................................................................................................................................... 56 
 Road transport.......................................................................................................................... 62 
 Shipping and aviation ............................................................................................................... 68 
 Electricity generation ................................................................................................................ 75 

Chapter 3. Hydrogen production .......................................................................................... 81 
 Overview and outlook ............................................................................................................... 83 
 Electrolysis deployment ........................................................................................................... 90 
 Electrolysis manufacturing and cost ........................................................................................ 94 
 China’s expanding electrolysis landscape ............................................................................... 99 
 Fossil fuels with CCUS ........................................................................................................... 106 
 Cost of different routes and products ..................................................................................... 110 

Chapter 4. Cost acceptability .............................................................................................. 118 
 Cost acceptability analysis ..................................................................................................... 120 
 Regional differences .............................................................................................................. 124 
 Sectoral differences ............................................................................................................... 128 
 Cost-volume demand curves ................................................................................................. 132 
 Voluntary willingness to pay for low-emissions products ....................................................... 135 
 Abatement cost curves ........................................................................................................... 138 

Chapter 5. Hydrogen trade and infrastructure .................................................................. 141 
 Overview and outlook for hydrogen trade .............................................................................. 143 
 Transmission and underground storage ................................................................................ 149 
 Infrastructure at ports ............................................................................................................. 155 
 Assessing the market infrastructure needs ............................................................................ 160 
 Hydrogen transport pathways ................................................................................................ 162 

Chapter 6. Investment and innovation ............................................................................... 169 
 Investment in the hydrogen sector ......................................................................................... 171 
 Company financing and market trends .................................................................................. 179 
 Venture capital investments ................................................................................................... 179 
 Innovation ............................................................................................................................... 185 
 
Chapter 7. Policies ............................................................................................................... 193 
 Overview of public funding ..................................................................................................... 195 
 Strategies and targets ............................................................................................................ 197 
 Demand creation .................................................................................................................... 199 
 Mitigation of investment risks ................................................................................................. 205 
 Certification, standards and regulations ................................................................................. 210 

Chapter 8. Africa in focus .................................................................................................... 212 
 Overview of the region ........................................................................................................... 214 
 The status of hydrogen and government strategies today ..................................................... 216 
 Low-emissions hydrogen production potential ....................................................................... 220 
 Power sector .......................................................................................................................... 226 
 Ammonia and fertiliser production.......................................................................................... 229 
 Iron and steel production ........................................................................................................ 236 
 Hydrogen use in other sectors ............................................................................................... 241 
 Hubs ....................................................................................................................................... 248 
 Near-term actions ................................................................................................................... 252 

Annex ..................................................................................................................................... 257 
 Explanatory notes .................................................................................................................. 257