KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Authors................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Ammonia production through the Haber-Bosch synthesis..................................................................................... 8
 2.1. Conventional fossil-based Haber-Bosch ammonia production ................................................................. 8
  2.1.1. Synthesis gas production.................................................................................................................................. 9
   2.1.1.1. Steam methane reforming .................................................................................................................... 9
   2.1.1.2. Partial oxidation........................................................................................................................................ 11
  2.1.2. Compression.......................................................................................................................................................... 12
  2.1.3. Haber-Bosch ammonia Synthesis Loop................................................................................................. 12

3. Modifications to the conventional Haber-Bosch ammonia production ........................................................ 14
 3.1. Haber-Bosch ammonia production coupled with carbon capture......................................................... 14
 3.2. Biomass-fed ammonia production......................................................................................................................... 16
  3.2.1. Biomass gasification......................................................................................................................................... 16
  3.2.2. Biomass anaerobic digestion....................................................................................................................... 18
  3.2.3. Technical challenges of biomass-fed Haber-Bosch ammonia production......................... 20
 3.3. Electrified Haber-Bosch ammonia production ................................................................................................. 22
  3.3.1. Process description............................................................................................................................................ 23
   3.3.1.1. Renewable integration and system configurations .............................................................. 25
   3.3.1.2. Hydrogen production: water electrolysis..................................................................................... 26
   3.3.1.3. Nitrogen production: air separation ............................................................................................... 27
   3.3.1.4. Ammonia synthesis: electrified Haber–Bosch Loop.............................................................. 28
  3.3.2. Technical challenges of the e-HB pathway.......................................................................................... 29
   3.3.2.1. Operational flexibility & renewable energy intermittency................................................ 29
   3.3.2.2. Process heat integration & energy efficiency.......................................................................... 32
   3.3.2.3. Electrolysers degradation & lifetime ............................................................................................ 32

4. From technical barriers to market deployment......................................................................................................... 34
 4.1. Current technology readiness level........................................................................................................................ 34
 4.2. Patent landscape & R&D focus ................................................................................................................................ 35
 4.3. Market momentum and trends................................................................................................................................. 37
 4.4. Key technology enablers for renewable ammonia deployment............................................................ 41
  4.4.1. Commercially available electrified ammonia systems ................................................................. 41
  4.4.2. Operational flexibility strategies................................................................................................................ 42
   4.4.2.1. Dispatch and stochastic optimisation........................................................................................... 44
   4.4.2.2. High‑resolution forecasting and model predictive control................................................ 46
  4.4.3. Turning operational flexibility into commercial viability .............................................................. 47

5. Conclusions..................................................................................................................................................................................... 49

References ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 51

List of abbreviations and definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 66

List of boxes.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 68

List of figures....................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

List of tables......................................................................................................................................................................................... 71

Annexes ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
 Annex 1. Patent analysis......................................................................................................................................................... 72