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제목 : Sector Coupling in Facilitating Integration of Variable Renewable Energy in Cities

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

FIGURES 4

TABLES 4

BOXES 4

ABBREVIATIONS 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6

1º INTRODUCTION 10

1.1 The importance of cities in shaping global climate action 11

1.2 About this report 14

1.3 Sector coupling provides the enhanced flexibility that energy systems need 15

What is sector coupling? 15

Enhancing power system flexibility through sector coupling 16

Importance of intelligent energy management systems in sector coupling 18

1.4 Methodology: Evaluating sector coupling potentials in cities to facilitate

 renewable energy integration 20

2º SECTOR COUPLING OPPORTUNITIES IN CITIES 26

2.1 Energy efficiency in buildings as a key enabler for sector coupling 27

2.2 Self-consumption of variable renewable energy sources 29

2.3 Role of thermal energy storage in sector coupling strategies 30

2.4 Electro-mobility coupling the power and the transport sectors 33

2.5 Green hydrogen for decarbonisation in a sector-coupled system 34

2.6 Urban infrastructure interacting with sector coupling applications 38

3º SECTOR COUPLING OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINESE CITIES 40

3.1 City-level initiatives on energy and emissions in China 41

3.2 Overview of sector coupling applications 45

3.3 Renewables for heating 46

3.4 Battery energy storage in support of distributed energy generation 48

3.5 Coupling waste management systems with energy production 50

3.6 Sector coupling potential in a Chinese case study 51

4º SECTOR COUPLING OPPORTUNITIES IN COSTA RICA 56

4.1 Electrification and sector coupling 58

4.2 Key findings on sector coupling from the case studies 59

5º CONCLUSION 64

REFERENCES 67

ANNEX: PROPOSED GENERIC INDICATORS 75

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