KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

1. Executive summary ......................................................................................... 11 

2. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 15 
 2.1. This project .................................................................................................... 15 
  2.1.1. Objectives of the study ...................................................................................... 15 
  2.1.2. Scope of the study ............................................................................................. 15 
 2.2. Approach and limitations ............................................................................... 16 
  2.2.1. Overarching approach ....................................................................................... 16 
  2.2.2. Task 1 – Methodology ....................................................................................... 17 
  2.2.3. Task 2 – Methodology ....................................................................................... 17 
  2.2.4. Task 3 – Methodology and limitations ................................................................ 18 
  2.2.5. Task 4 – Methodology ....................................................................................... 19 
 2.3. The concept of self-consumption ................................................................... 19 
  2.3.1. Framework for individual and collective renewables self-consumption in the EU.... 20 
  2.3.2. Renewables self-consumption in practice: technologies, actors and location..... 23 
  2.3.3. Generation and consumption profiles and their implications for self-consumption ... 24 
  2.3.4. Measurement of self-consumption and other relevant definitions ....................... 25 

3. The role of renewables self-consumption in the energy transition ............ 28 
 3.1. The energy system perspective ..................................................................... 28 
  3.1.1. Challenges of self-consumption integration for the energy system .................... 28 
  3.1.2. Positive impact of self-consumption on the energy system ................................ 33 
 3.2. The user perspective ..................................................................................... 34 
  3.2.1. Challenges of self-consumption for users .......................................................... 34 
  3.2.2. Benefits of self-consumption for users ............................................................... 35 
 3.3. Other costs and benefits of self-consumption ................................................ 35 
  3.3.1. Economic costs and benefits ............................................................................. 35 
  3.3.2. Environmental costs and benefits ...................................................................... 36 
  3.3.3. Social costs and benefits ................................................................................... 37 
 3.4. Capturing the benefits of renewables self-consumption ................................ 37 

4. Self-consumption data and trends ................................................................ 40 
 4.1. Deployment of self-consumption in the EU .................................................... 40 
  4.1.1. Deployment of small-scale renewable installations ............................................ 40 
  4.1.2. Contribution of small-scale renewable installations to electricity production ....... 43 
  4.1.3. Level of self-consumption .................................................................................. 44 
 4.2. Forecast of the potential development of self-consumption in the EU ........... 50 
 4.3. Alternative estimate of self-consumption rates .............................................. 53 
 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 55 
 4.4. How can Member States estimate self-consumption? ................................... 55 

5. Mapping of the regulatory framework ........................................................... 57 
 5.1. Key aspects of the regulatory framework ....................................................... 57 
  5.1.1. General Aspects ................................................................................................ 57 
  5.1.2. Installation ......................................................................................................... 58 
  5.1.3. Financing and financial support ......................................................................... 59 
  5.1.4. Operation .......................................................................................................... 60 
  5.1.5. Grid connection ................................................................................................. 61 
  5.1.6. Network tariffs ................................................................................................... 62 
  5.1.7. Surplus remuneration ........................................................................................ 70 
  5.1.8. Peer-to-peer trading .......................................................................................... 72 
 5.2. Summary and mapping .................................................................................. 72 

6. Identifying and categorising barriers to self-consumption ......................... 76 
 6.1. Overview of identified barriers to self-consumption ....................................... 76 
  6.1.1. Overview of regulatory barriers .......................................................................... 77 
  6.1.2. Overview of institutional barriers ........................................................................ 79 
  6.1.3. Overview of economic and financial barriers ...................................................... 81 
  6.1.4. Overview of social & behavioural barriers .......................................................... 82 
  6.1.5. Overview technical barriers ............................................................................... 83 
 6.2. Categorisation and prioritisation of key barriers identified ............................. 85 

7. Findings and recommendations .................................................................... 87 
 7.1. Key findings ................................................................................................... 87 
 7.2. Recommendations ......................................................................................... 89 
  7.2.1. Clear and coherent definition of collective self-consumption .............................. 90 
  7.2.2. Simplified permitting procedures ........................................................................ 91 
  7.2.3. Moving from net-metering schemes to net-billing schemes ................................ 94 
  7.2.4. Encouraging dynamic pricing arrangements ...................................................... 95 
  7.2.5. Considering time-of-use and dynamic network tariffs ......................................... 97 
  7.2.6. Supporting DSOs in planning the large-scale integration of DER ....................... 98 
  7.2.7. Addressing distribution network congestion by introducing alternative grid connection agreements ..... 99 
  7.2.8. Encouraging deployment of storage, BEMS and HEMS .................................. 101 

Annex A - Case studies .................................................................................... 104 

Annex B – Data availability and analytical methods ...................................... 105 

Annex C – The concept of energy sharing ...................................................... 111 

Annex D – General considerations .................................................................. 113 

Annex E – Methodology for the recommendations ........................................ 115