KETEP 세계에너지시장정보

Executive summary ............................................................................................................................................................... x 

Energy prices .................................................................................................................................................................................................. x 

Industrial energy costs ........................................................................................................................................................................... xii 

Household energy expenditures ....................................................................................................................................................xiii 

EU Energy bill ............................................................................................................................................................................................... xv 

Energy taxes and levies ........................................................................................................................................................................xvi 

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 25 

2. Electricity prices .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 
 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 
 2.1. Wholesale prices ...........................................................................................................................................................................31 
 2.2. Retail prices...................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 

3. Natural Gas prices ...................................................................................................................................................... 74 
 3.1. Wholesale prices ......................................................................................................................................................................... 74 
 3.2. Retail prices..................................................................................................................................................................................... 89 

4. Oil (product) and other fuel and key technology prices ................................................................. 105 
 Main findings ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 105 
 4.1. Crude oil and coal prices ...................................................................................................................................................... 106 
 4.2. Wholesale prices of oil-based fuel products ............................................................................................................. 111 
 4.3. Retail prices of oil and oil products ................................................................................................................................. 112 
 4.4. Alternative fuels...................................................................................................................................................................... 129 

5. Energy costs for industry .................................................................................................................................... 146 
 5.1. Summary of main findings ................................................................................................................................................. 146 
 5.2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 148 
 5.3. Overview of selected energy intensive industries (EII) .................................................................................... 149 
 5.4. Energy costs and their impact at macroeconomic level ............................................................................... 182 
 5.5. Energy costs for industry ......................................................................................................................................................185 
 5.6. Exploring energy intensities ............................................................................................................................................. 208 
 5.7. Energy cost drivers ................................................................................................................................................................... 213 
 5.8. International comparisons of energy costs and intensities ......................................................................... 241 
 5.9. Price hedging and other arrangements in energy-intensive industries ........................................... 250 

6. Household energy expenditure ......................................................................................................................262 
 6.1. Summary of main findings ................................................................................................................................................. 262 
 6.2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 263 
 6.3. Household energy expenditures for residential use ........................................................................................ 266 
 6.4. Household energy expenditures for transport ................................................................................................ 281 
 6.5. Changes in energy expenditures in the Member States over time (2010-2022) ...........................285 
 6.6. Energy poverty: expenditure indicators and changes over time ............................................................ 287 
 6.7. Sensitivity analysis: the effects of high energy prices on energy poverty .......................................... 295 

7. EU energy import bill.............................................................................................................................................. 312 
 7.1. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................................. 313 
 7.2. Drivers of the energy import bill...................................................................................................................................... 315 
 7.3. Import bill calculation .............................................................................................................................................................318 
 7.4. Comparison with trading partners ........................................................................................................................... 321 
 7.5. Market concentration index .............................................................................................................................................. 323 
 7.6. Russian focus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 324 

8. Role of energy for government revenues; taxes and levies on energy products ...........326 
 8.1. Summary of main findings ................................................................................................................................................. 326 
 8.2. Introduction and definitions .............................................................................................................................................328 
 8.3. Energy taxes and levies ....................................................................................................................................................... 330 
 8.4. Excise duties ............................................................................................................................................................................ 337 
 8.5. Value Added Tax (VAT) ........................................................................................................................................................... 351 
 8.6. Energy price inflation in the EU-27 .......................................................................................................................... 357 
 8.7. International comparisons ................................................................................................................................................. 367 
 8.8. Link with subsidies distribution ................................................................................................................................. 376 

9. Special chapter 1: Analysis of price surge ................................................................................................. 381 
 9.1. Review of existing studies and reports .......................................................................................................................381 
 9.2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................... 387 
 9.3. Results .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 393 

10. Special chapter 2: Impact of increased renewable energy generation on electricity 
 price formation ................................................................................................................................................................... 429 
 10.1. Impact on short-term markets .................................................................................................................................. 432 
 10.2. Impact on long-term markets.................................................................................................................................... 435 

Annex A .................................................................................................................................................................................... 437